In short, it is not just restricted to one lone segment. Event management has vibrant fields to look at. Be it formal or informal, event management today has gathered moss at all of the possible places.

The event manager is responsible for the creative, technical and logistical elements. He is who monitors all aspects of the event on site, both corporate and personal events. However, tailored be the environment an event manager has to work through all. If you envision yourself as one then rule the world at your footsteps. Start getting involved in promotions. Get as much exposure with regard to different kinds of events and how the entire event experience is customized for different industries. Stay alert with the trends of businesses and their strategies, basics of businesses. A good amount of research helps a lot.

EDUCATION

Studies in event management include organizational skills, technical knowledge, marketing, advertising, categories, logistics, décor, glamor identify human relations, the study of law and license, risk management, budgeting and the study of allied industries like television, other media, and several other areas. Certification can be acquired from various sources to obtain designations such as:

• Certified trade marketer
• Certified in exhibition management
• Global meeting professional
• Certified meeting professional
• Global certificate in event design
• Certified special event professional
• Certified quality event planner

(source: Wikipedia)

SCOPE

Event management has come up as a rich industry with exponential (rapid) growth platform. As already stated event management involves planning, organizing, directing and controlling of large scale events  – festivals, trade shows, and product launches.

FIELDS IN RELATION

• The entertainment industry (film festivals & screenings, university events)
• A marketing tool, it is.
• Businesses (event management strategies viz sponsor events, organizing events, partnering et cetera)
• Food and beverage industry
• Media
• Nonprofit organizations

Pros and cons:

+Youngsters are preferably hired

+Communication and connectivity

+negotiation

+Flexibility (adapt to the last minute crisis changes)

+Organizing yourself and others

+Increase in clientele

+Spotlight living

+Motto of attaining best guest experience

+Creative

-Long working hours

-Exhaustive

-Getting into jobs that are not of your interest (linger)

-Moving quick past the mistakes

-Stress

Event management is at the same time much broader and much more specialized than actual management.

We can say that event management is a part of management. But then again management is a discipline appearing in many industries and not just event management.

Another important point of distinction is the tools put to use. Regardless of the existing generic management tools, it is best to use generic specific software. And that is further distinctive for different areas of event management. If an event is about organizing a trade fair, one would need different software tools than for an event management in the live concert business.

Again, this would differ from the customized experiences of the target audience. A generic management will not fare well in event management and vice versa.

So, if you are ready to work for long hours with a fantastic passion to attain success and can cope with the stressful situations at hand then step forward with no hesitation to decide on it as a career.

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I have listed a few top colleges for learning photography (Not in a hierarchical form) and have tried to provide as must information as I can. For further queries, please contact the college authorities.

For more information on Photography, its types and as a career option, visit the following links:

Types of Photography

Job Profiles and Career in Photography

Photography – Best Career Option

Colleges are as follows:

1. AJ Kidwai Mass Communication Research Center, New Delhi

Type of Course: P.G. Diploma in Still Photography & Visual Communication

Admission Process:
Number of Seats: 20
Eligibility: Graduation in any discipline (10+2+3) with not less than 50 % marks in aggregate.
Written Exam: 200 marks
Interview: 45 marks
Portfolio: 55 marks
(Duration: Two Semester, Full Time)

program/Course Fee: Rs. 74,020/-
Email: fbkhan@gmail.com (Mr. Farhat Basir Khan – Course Coordinator)

2. Light and Life Academy, Ooty

Courses offered:
PG Diploma in Professional Photography
Diploma in Professional Photojournalism
Course Fee
PG Diploma in Professional Photography:
Section I (Compulsory) & Section II (Compulsory): INR 6,30,000/-

Section III (Select):
Group 1: INR 80,000
Group 2: INR 80,000
Section IV (Optional):
Travel and Nature Photography: INR 15,000
Advanced Photoshop: INR 20,000
Multi-Media: INR 25,000
Photojournalism: INR 10,000
Admission Process:
You should have minimum 15 years of formal education. If a candidate has any work experience, an exception can be made for the 15 years criteria to 12 years. First come first basis admission policy. Three steps are involved:

• Portfolio Review
• Skype Interaction
• Personal interview at the Academy

Diploma in Professional Photojournalism
Course Duration
6 months + 1 month of portfolio work.
Section I (Compulsory) & Section II (Compulsory): INR 3,00,000
Section III (Optional):
• Multi-Media: INR 25,000
• Photojournalism: INR 10,000
GST as applicable will be payable on the fee.
Refundable security deposit: INR 10,000/-
Payment schedule will be given along with an offer of admission letter
Admission Process:
You should have minimum 15 years of formal education. If a candidate has any work experience, an exception can be made for the 15 years criteria to 12 years. First come first basis admission policy. Three steps are involved:

• Portfolio Review
• Skype Interaction
• Personal interview at the Academy

Contact Information:
Lovedale, Ooty – 643 003
Tamil Nadu
India
Cell: +91 7598287370
E-mail: administration@llacademy.org
For Admissions: admissions@llacademy.org

3. Pixel Institute of Photography:

Courses:
• E-Commerce Photography: It is a 2 months Foundation Photography Course.
• Fashion & Wedding Photography: It is a 4 months Advanced Photography Diploma.
• Commercial and Advertising: It is 1 year Photography course.
Address: 84, Avtar Enclave, Paschim Vihar, West Delhi, Opp. Metro Pillar No.224, New Delhi, Delhi 110063
Phone: 011 4940 5651

4. Delhi College of Photography:

• Short term courses
• FoundationPhotography Course: 2 months
No age limit
Weekday/Weekend course
• Fashion Photography Course: 10 weeks
No age limit
Weekday/Weekend course
• Wildlife Photography Course
• Candid Wedding Photography Course: 3 weeks
No age limit
Weekday/Weekend course

Diploma Courses:
• 1 year Diploma course: 1 year (5 Days a week)
No age limit
Eligibility 10th Grade
Contact:
Phone: 011-49405651
9717174902
Email: info@pixelphotography.info

5. Sri Aurobindo Centre for Arts & Communication (SACAC)

• Location: New Delhi
• Duration: 16 Moths Diploma Course
Eligibility:
Age: Min 20 years as of April 1, 2018. However, individual cases of age 18+ will be considered after evaluation by an expert panel.
Educational Qualification: At least of 12 years of formal education from any stream.
Other Criteria:
• Additional educational qualifications or work experience will be taken into consideration during the admission process.
• Candidates from all educational backgrounds, including certificate programmes from private institutions are welcome.
• Working professionals
• Students in their final year of graduation
Tuition Fee: Rs 2,96,00.
Admission Process:
The admission process for Photography Diploma programme is a simple 2-step procedure:
• Submit duly filled Application Form with all the relevant documents.
• Appear for Panel Interview.
Contact:
Sri Aurobindo Society Campus
Shaheed Jeet Singh Marg, Adhichini, New Delhi -110017
E-mail for Admissions: admissions@sac.ac.in
For Any Other Information:info@sac.ac.in

6. The Indian Institute of Digital Art and Animation, Kolkata:

B.Sc. Film & Photography
Course Type: Under Graduate Degree Program
Duration: 3 Years Full Time
Session: June-July
Eligibility: 10 + 2 / PUC from any Stream

Diploma in Film & Photography
Course Type: Under Graduate Diploma Program
Duration: 1 Years Full Time
Eligibility: 10 + 2 / PUC from any Stream
Session: September

PG Diploma Film & Photography
Course Type: Certificate Program
Duration: 15 Days | 1 Month – Full Time
Eligibility: 10 + 2 / PUC from any Stream

Contact
Campus
97, BJ Block, Sector – II
Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700091
West Bengal, India
Email General -contact@iidaaindia.com
Admission -admission@iidaaindia.com

7. Annapurna International School of FILM + MEDIA

• Course: MASTER OF PHOTOGRAPHY + DIGITAL IMAGING

Eligibility

Degree in any stream, with minimum marks of 50%
Tuition fee: Rs. 10,75,000
This fee structure is applicable for 2018-19 batch
• Course: Bachelor OF PHOTOGRAPHY + DIGITAL IMAGING
ADMISSIONS ELIGIBILITY
12th standard/10+2 in any stream, with minimum marks of 50%
Tuition fee: Rs. 13,60,000
This fee structure is applicable for 2018-19 batch

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Photography is the newly introduced course as because of the ascending interest of students. With good vision and creativity, one can build up his/her career through this unique field of interest. Good computing skills, to give the raw photo a pinch of more beauty, which can lead them to get started as a professional photographer.

In India, there are various renowned colleges for this course such as Delhi College of Photography (New Delhi), Life Academy (Ooty),  Asian Academy of Film and Television-(AAFT) (Noida) etc. So, one can start his/her career in this field which has various scopes for future career building opportunities such as wedding photography, event photography,  fashion photography, wildlife photography and many more. There are many people who are very successful with their interest in photography converted into the career, such as Tim Laman- Wildlife Photography, Henry Cartier- Bresson- Street Photography.

There are many benefits of Photography like:

• Photography works as a stress buster.
• Photography creates a story of your life.
• Photography can work a career for passionate ones.
• Photography tests your imagination power.
• Photography creates unerasable memories.

Interior designing is also a creative way to make your career interesting for those who love art. It’s an imaginative and artistic path of education. To get started with interior designing as a road to career one should be good at designing and must have practical knowledge so that understanding the client’s demand would be easy. Working on various projects, portfolios can help to gain the vision for the art which is needed. For a professional interior designer, the scope is huge in India because now people demand unique interiors to make their home a dream place to live in. There are various designing softwares to work with such as AUTOCAD, 3D modeling, Sketchup, 3ds max, etc., which can help an individual to come up with new ideas for the project.

There are many benefits of Interior Designing like:

• Creativity level increases day by day
• Profitable income
• Growing Demand
• Satisfaction towards your job
• Traveling new places
• Flexibility
• Financial Rewards

Interior designing and photography both are the newly introduced ways to start your career with what you love. It helps you to gain mental peace and stability as a person can never be tired of doing something he loves to do. Notably,  they move hand-in-hand which actually makes them more beneficial for an individual.

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The daily GK course quiz 325 is brought to you by Kailasha Foundation- Fun & Learn Portal to help you boost yourself for all kinds of competitive exams with our specially tailored general knowledge content from national, international, history, polity, economy, science and all kind of sections. With daily Gk course 325, we have delivered 3250 GK questions to you in an interactive environment.

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As JEE Main 2018 is just 7 days away, it’s time to shift gears of your preparation for the coveted Engineering Entrance Exam. Now when there’s hardly few days left, it can be assumed that your basic preparation is over. The focus has to be shifted now to Revision, Practice and Deciding the test day approach. This article elaborates about the Guidelines for Preparation and how best to utilize these remaining 7 days. With this goal, I present to you Top 5 Tips on preparation for this last 7 days before JEE Main 2018. I hope this “JEE Mains 2018 Last Days Preparation Tips” will certainly help you in drawing an overview of the Do’s & Don’ts to be followed in these last few days & cracking the Exam with flying colors.

Tip #1: Solve Previous Year Papers

By this time, you must have completed JEE Main Syllabus, which means that you must solve questions that appeared in Previous Years. Solving Previous Years Papers is the most essential task that one must start in these remaining few days if he/she wants to excel in JEE Main Exam. By solving JEE Main Sample Papers, you will “Learn Time Management and Technique” to complete the paper on time. It will provide you an insight into the type of questions as well.

Solving these model papers will give you a fair idea about how the actual entrance exam will be. Your question-solving speed will also be improved.

“Solving mock tests is very important to be habitual on the day of exam. It will prevent panic situations and will give you confidence as well.”

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Tip #2: Strengthen Important & Key Concepts

This is the time when you should be working towards strengthening the most important topics of each subject – Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.  It is seen that all topics don’t carry more marks. Devoting much of your time on such topics that carry comparatively more weightage is recommended. Practice such topics more because if you have Understood the Concept behind these key topics well, then you will be able to solve a major part of the question paper correctly, which will ultimately lead you towards a Good Score.

“Devote your time to topics as per their weightage from the examination point of view.” 

Tip #3: Do Not Start any New Topic

Now that there is only 7 days left for the BIG DAY, you should not start any new topic. During this Short Duration, you would Neither be Able to Grasp it Well Nor will it Help you during the exam. You should rather utilize this time in revision. This will help you in avoiding a lot of Confusion and Easing your Stress Level.

“Leave out the uncomfortable areas and select the questions carefully.”

Tip #4: Finalize your Test Taking Strategy 

You have to manage time delicately during the actual exam. With a standard number of mock tests, you must have recognized the strategy or the test taking methodology, which suits you the best.

By now, you should have a Final Strategy in Hand which must include the following points:-

• Section to start with
• Time to allot in each section
• Time to allot for each question
• Buffer time for revision and attempting questions that were left earlier
• Selecting back up questions to attempt in case your shortlisted questions turn out to be time consuming

“The best strategy is to take up first what you are best at. Do as much of that as possible. After that, move on to the test area you are ‘second-best’ at.”

Tip #5: Avoid Distractions & Take Care of your Health

This 7 days’ time is the time to focus on your studies only, as all the other things can wait a little bit.  Don’t let any distraction come in your way during these decisive days of preparation. You can always get back on social networks and friends, but this precious time should only be dedicated for studies. Playing some sports occasionally or listening to soft music is recommended if you are feeling stressful after long hours of studies.

Doing Meditation to stay calm is also an amazing stress-buster. Maintaining Good Health is essential. If you are not taking proper care of your health, then you may fall sick, and suffer from weakness, headache or fever. This may disrupt your JEE Main Preparation.

“Focus on your health, eat properly and sleep well.”

(Appear for JEE Main 2018 with a Positive Approach. All the Best to all Aspirants!)

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The Council is the biggest body for Co-coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture. It includes horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the whole country, with 101 ICAR institutes and 71 agricultural universities. ICAR is the largest national agricultural systems in the world.

The ICAR has played an important role in Green Revolution and subsequent developments in agriculture in India through its research and technology development. The ICAR has enabled the country to increase the production of food grains by 5 times, horticulture crops by 9.5 times, fish by 12.5 times, milk by 7.8 times and eggs by 39 times since 1951 to 2014, thus making a visible impact on the national food and nutritional security.

The ICAR played an important role in promoting excellence in higher education and also engaged in cutting-edge areas of science and technology development. ICAR’s scientists are internationally acknowledged in their fields.

MILESTONE:-

1. Initiation of the first All-India Co-Ordinated Research Project on Maize in 1957.
2. Status of Deemed University accorded to IARI in 1958.
3. Establishment of the first State Agricultural University on Land grant pattern at Pantnagar in 1960.
4. Placement of different agricultural research institutes under the purview of ICAR in 1966.
5. Creation of Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) in the Ministry of Agriculture in 1973.
6. The opening of First Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) at Puducherry (Pondicherry) in 1974.
7. Establishment of Agricultural Research Services and Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board in 1975.
8. Launching of Lab-to-Land programme and the National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) in 1979.
9. Initiation of Institution-Village Linkage Programme (IVLP) in 1995.
10. Establishment of National Gene Bank at New Delhi in 1996.
11. The ICAR was awarded the KING BAUDOUIN Award in 1989 for its valuable contribution to the Green Revolution.
12. The ICAR was again awarded KING BAUDOUIN Award in 2004 for research and development efforts made under the partnership of Rice-Wheat consortium.
13. Launching of National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) in 1998 and National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) in 2005.

MANDATE:-

1. Plan, Undertake, Co-ordinate and Promote Research and Technology Development for Sustainable Agriculture.
2. Aid, Impart and Co-ordinate Agricultural Education to enable Quality Human Resources Development.
3. Frontline Extention for technology application, adoption, knowledge management and capacity development for agri-based rural development.
4. Policy, Cooperation, and consultancy in Agricultural  Research Education and Extension.

INSTITUTION:-

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IIMs are one of the top B-Schools in the country that are autonomous institutes of management education and research in India.At present, there are 20 such IIMs which are operational in India.It is mandatory for management aspirants to crack the CAT examination in order to get admission in the IIM.Later, candidates get admission on the basis of their marks scored in IIM examination followed by GD-PI. Along with this there are different parameters considered by the IIMs are-

1. Academic Performance – Marks obtained in Class Xth, XIIth and graduation are given weightage by some IIMs. IIM Ahmedabad gives 30% weightage to academic performance. IIM Bangalore awards 50% to academics.IIM Calcutta, IIM Lucknow, XLRI, FMS Delhi are some of the B-Schools who do not give a lot of value to past academic records.
2. Work Experience –  Both duration as well as the quality of work experience are considered.IIM Bangalore gives 8% weightage to this criteria.It prefers candidates who have some work experience over fresh graduates.
3. Diversity – To encourage more academically and gender-wise diverse batch, IIMs have started giving some weightage to applicants from Non-engineering background and female candidates.

“Diversity of perspectives contribute greatly to the discussion based learning that we employ at IIMA.Having a broader mix of participants without comprising on quality will enrich the academic experience of students even further.”

 – Prof Ashish Nanda, Director of IIMA

Thus, to get shortlisted, one should know the nitty-gritty of the selection procedure. Each of the IIMs has an elaborate process for admitting students. Some look for students with consistent academic records Some look for a diverse background.There are some who focus more on CAT and GD-PI.

Selection criteria weightage-

¤ IIM Ahmedabad

70% to CAT marks and 30% to Xth, XIIth and graduation marks.

¤ IIM Bangalore

40% CAT, Xth score 20%, XIIth 10%, graduation  20%, diversity 2% and work experience 8%.

¤ IIM Calcutta

CAT 28%, Xth 10%, XIIth 10% and gender diversity 2%.

Hence, good performance in CAT does not guarantee a call from the top B-School. For that to happen, the applicant should match the requirements of the respective IIMs. So don’t expect a call from top IIM even after scoring 99.9% if your past academic performance is bad.

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When everyone is making new year resolutions, act wisely. Choose the best ones and get the most of it. Prove to be a winner and glory will be all yours.

1) Make a list of your strength and weaknesses:

image source – the internet

Generally what happens, before applying for a job or joining a company people aren’t even aware of what are their strength and weaknesses. So make a list of the same, this will help you in knowing yourself, and accordingly apply for the job

2) Job complementary to your personality

image source – the internet

After you’re done with your list, figure out the Job which suits you the best. It would certainly be easier for you to get the Job which requires the characteristics inbuilt in your personality

3) Job contradictory to your personality

image source – the internet

If you’re determined and focused on one particular company/Job/ Position, and somewhat you lack some features essential for it, you can accordingly work for it. On a practical note it’ll take time but eventually, you’ll get what you dreamt of

4) Set monthly/weekly/daily goals

image source – Pinterest

People tend to follow this practice for a period of one or two months, and in search of instant results, this planning fails. You need to understand that if you want to achieve big, patience is the only key. Achievements are the results of thousands of small efforts hidden behind. So plan yourself and your day, make every hour productive

5) Develop a hobby

image source – the internet

Hobby doesn’t imply that you need to have a creative side in you, but anything that relaxes you can be your hobby. For example- Painting can be your hobby but it doesn’t require that you must be good at it. Rather it signifies your learning capacity and openness towards creativity and innovation

6) Cast yourself in a routine

image source – the internet

Corporate life is hectic. You need to be passionate as well as disciplined to cope up with that. It isn’t a matter of a day or a week that you’ll suddenly get into that routine even if you get the Job rather you’ll feel frustrated. So it’s better that, in the early 20s of yours you get yourself either involved or get used to working and taking pressure on a daily basis.

7) Gather work experience

image source – the internet

A work experience doesn’t need to be going to a corporate office, managing files and attending meetings. It can be anything where u work under somebody, achieve targets and know how to work in a team. This gives you a teaser of the real cinema you’re going to be a part of.

8) Be a leader

image source – the internet

People often confuse leader with a dictator or someone who’s popular or whose opinion people want to hear. I would say be a leader of yourself, have an opinion about what’s going on, but be well aware of it, it isn’t necessary that people will agree to it, but at least you won’t be a follower.

9) Get off social media and back in the game of work because social media is a tool, not a job

image source – the internet

Once you upload your credentials, get back out into the real world. Limit your time on social media to a few minutes a day at specified times, such as before going to work, during your lunch break, or at home in the evening. Social media isn’t a job, it’s a tool. A contractor doesn’t live for his hammer. He or she put it to work building things.

10) Apply cautiously

image source – the internet

The application form sometimes doesn’t even get a minute of the HR, so while applying put your best foot forward. Mention the highest and most recent as well relevant degree you’ve achieved. Clearly and boldly mention the additional skills you’ve acquired previously. If you have a work experience, it should form the most important part of your resume because it certainly places you higher above the freshers

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Background:

Administration of justice is one of the divine duty of a civilized State and interference with it cannot be accepted. Image of a State depends on the administration of justice it provides to its subjects. Any violation to that derogates the reputation of the holy institution (Courts), which no State would bear. The present-day concept of Contempt originated from English law’s ‘les majeste’. In India, the concept existed even in the days of Kautilya. He mentioned:

“ Defamation of  one’s own nation or village shall be punished with the first amercement …..; and that of goods or temples with the highest amercement.”[i]

“Any person who insults the King betrays the King’s Council, makes attempts, or disregards the sanctity of the kitchens of Brahman’s shall have his tongue off.”[ii]

He also provided that judges themselves were not above the contempt laws.[iii]

The Moghul period also followed the concept but the modern law of contempt was developed by British administration where all courts of record had the inherent power to punish for their contempt. Mayor’s Court of 1726, Supreme Court of Judicature(1774), Sadar Diwani Adalat(1781), High Courts at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay(1861) were made Court of Record and they could punish for their contempt.

In 1926, the Contempt of Courts Act was passed but being an incomprehensive legislation, it was not very useful. After independence, Parliament enacted the Contempt of Courts Act, 1952. It tried to overcome the deficiencies of the previous legislation but failed to do so. It did not provide contempt proceeding against Judges, no grounds for the defense was there and it also failed to provide a procedure for contempt cases.

The comprehensive legislation was enacted as the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971. The other subsidiary allied aspects of contempt are covered by Indian Penal Code,1860(section 228), the Code of Criminal Procedure,1973(section 195, section 197 and section 340) and the Code of Civil Procedure,1908(Order XXXIX Rule 2A read with Section 151).

Meaning and Definition: 

The term ‘Contempt of Court’ is too wide to define however jurists have tried to explain it. Oswald defines contempt as “any conduct that tends to bring the authority and administration of law into disrespect or disregard or to interfere with or prejudice parties or their witnesses during litigation.”[iv]

The Supreme Court of India also tried to cover the aspects of contempt and observed:

“If an impression is created in the minds of the public that the judges in the highest courts in the land act on extraneous consideration in deciding cases, the confidence of the whole community in the administration of justice is bound to be undermined and no greater mischief that that can possibly be imagined. It is, therefore, a contempt.”[v]

Kinds of Contempt: 

The Act of 1971, however, does not define the term contempt of court but Section 2(a) of the Act classifies contempt of court. It says “contempt of Court” means civil contempt or criminal contempt. Section 2(b) says- “civil contempt” means willful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other processes of a Court…” “Criminal Contempt”  is defined under section 2(c). It means any publication(either by words spoken or written, by signs, by visible representation or otherwise, which: lower downs or tends to lower down the authority of Court, or scandalizes or tends to scandalize the authority of Court, or interfere of tends to interfere with judicial proceeding or obstructs the administration of justice in any manner.

“Civil contempt involves only the willful disobedience of the Court’s order or breach of undertaking given to the Court while the criminal contempt involves the defiance of the Court revealed in conduct which amounts to obstruction or interference with the administration of justice.”[vi] “Criminal contempt is directed against the power and dignity of the Court and private parties have little, if any, interest in the proceedings for punishment.”[vii]

Procedure in contempt cases:

The rules to regulate Proceeding for Contempt of Supreme Court were framed by Supreme Court in 1975 and approved by the President of India. The Act of 1971 lays down the procedure in following sections:

Section 14. Procedure where contempt is in the face of the Supreme Court or A High Court.

This provision provides a complete procedure in itself. It does not apply to contempts in the face of the subordinate Courts.  It only applies where the alleged offense has been committed in the presence or hearing of the Court. The Court may then cause such person to be detained in custody and before the rising of the Court shall give him notice in writing about his contemptuous charge. The Court shall also hear his part and then make such order for punishment or discharge. The sub-section 2 of the provision provides that the Judge who charges such person will not hear the contempt case and it shall be tried by some Judge other than him. The statement of the facts shall be placed before the Chief Justice of the Court and it shall be treated as evidence in the case and the Judge in whose presence or hearing the offense is alleged to have been committed shall not be required to appear as a witness. The Court may direct that the person charged with the alleged offense shall be detained in custody, but he shall be released on bail, with or without a surety bond.

Section 15. Cognizance of criminal contempt in other cases.

This section deals with the criminal contempt other than those under section 15. It provides that the Supreme Court or the High Court may take action on their own or on a motion made by, the Advocate-General, or any person with the consent of Advocate-General. In case of criminal contempt of a subordinate Court, the High Court may take action on a reference of the subordinate court or the Advocate General. Here “Advocate-General” includes “Attorney-General” and “Solicitor-General”.

Section 17. Procedure after cognizance.

It provides that notice to every person charged under section 15 shall be served personally. The notice shall be accompanied with the affidavits on which the motion has been made. The Court may attach his property if it thinks that such person may abscond. The person so charged may file an affidavit in his defense and the court may decide the matter on the affidavit or evidence so required and pass such order as may be required.

Section 18 provides that every case of contempt under section 15 shall be heard by a Bench not less than two Judges.

Section 20 provides the limitation period for commencement of the proceeding for contempt that is one year from the date on which the contempt is alleged to have been committed.

In Omprakash Jaiswal v. D.K. Mittal[viii], the Court held that it is only when the Court has found opinion that a prima facie case for initiating proceedings for contempt is made out and that the alleged contemners should be called upon to show cause why they should not be punished, then the Court can be said to have initiated proceedings for contempt.

Punishment: the punishment for contempt of Court may be simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or fine which may extend to two thousand rupees or both.

Apology: Section 12 makes it clear that the accused may be discharged or the punishment may be remitted on his apology if the Court is satisfied with that. However, an apology is not a weapon of defense to purge guilt. Apology tendered at the time the contemner finds that the Court is going to impose punishment is not apology liable to be rejected.[ix]

Section 19. Appeal.

An appeal is a right of the alleged contemner. The appeal may be done before a Bench of two judges, where the order is of a single judge or to the Supreme Court, where the order is of a Bench. The Appellate Court may order for execution of punishment, or suspension of the order, or the release of the appellant if he is in confinement. The limitation for filing the appeal in High Court is thirty days and in Supreme Court is sixty days.

Contempt by Judge, Magistrate or other person acting judicially

Section 16 makes Judges, Magistrates and other persons acting in judicial capacity liable for contempt of courts. These persons may be liable for their own court or any other court in the same manner as an individual is liable. But it provides them to make an observation or remark against any judgment or order of the subordinate court in an appeal or revision. These acts will not amount to contempt of court.

If the inferior or subordinate court does not follow the law laid down by a superior court, it will amount to contempt of court. Refusal by the inferior court to follow the law laid down by the superior court will, no doubt, result in the serious interference with the administration of justice. It will also bring the seat of justice into disrespect in the eyes of the public.[x]

Contempt by Advocates

Heating arguments often lead to contempt of court by advocates.  Instances like using insulting language against a Judge, making scandalous allegations against a Judge, suppressing the facts to obtain a favorable order, imputation of partiality, unfairness against the Judge have resulted into contempt in past. Even if a council refuses to answer the questions of the court, he’ll be liable for contempt of Court.[xi] In re Ajay Kumar Pandey, Advocate,[xii] the Supreme Court has held that advocate using intemperate language and casting unwarranted aspersions on various judicial officers and attributing motives to them while discharging their judicial functions would be held guilty of gross contempt of Court.

Defences available to contemner

Sections 3 to 7 provides for the defenses available to a contemner in the proceeding. Section 3 talks about innocent publication and distribution of matter. A person shall not be guilty of publishing any matter which interferes or tends to do so or otherwise, the course of the judicial proceeding if at the time of publication he had no reasonable grounds for believing that the proceeding was pending. The same provision applies to distribution, if a person without such knowledge distributes the publication, that distribution shall not amount to contempt.

Section 4 talks about the fair and accurate report of a judicial proceeding. In Subhash Chandra v. S.M. Agarwal, AIR 1984, it was observed that ‘judicial proceeding’ means the day to day proceeding of the Court. The media report must represent the fair and accurate proceeding and not a one-sided picture.

Section 5 provides for fair criticism. No person making fair criticism on the merits on the merits of a decided case shall be guilty of contempt of Court.

Section 7 says that publication of information relating to proceeding in chambers or “in camera” not amount to contempt but except certain cases like where the public policy may be hampered and the court has prohibited the publication, or the information relates to a secret process or discovery of information which is an issue in the proceeding.

Section 6 says that when any complaint against a presiding officer of a subordinate court to any other subordinate court of the High Court shall not amount to contempt when it is done in good faith.

Conclusion

Uncourteous activities lead to contempt of Court. To avoid such unfortunate occasions the Bench-Bar relations must be strong. In words of Justice R.J. Kochar: “ If the independent judiciary is the pillar of the Democracy, the Bar is the Foundation of the independent Judiciary. The Bar is the mother of Bench….”  It is up to the mutual understanding of the Judge and the Advocate to tackle tough situations. One is not supposed to defeat other. A balance between them would result in the better administration of judiciary. The rule of law should prevail and no one should be given an upper hand over others.

[i] Shamasastry, Kautilya’s Arthasastra, Fourth Edition, p. 219

[ii] Ibid., at p. 257

[iii] Ibid., at p. 252

[iv] Contempt of Court, Third Edition, p. 5.

[v] Aswini Kumar v. Arabinda Bose, AIR 1953 SC 75

[vi] Dulal Chandra Dhar v. Sukumar Banerjee, AIR 1958 Cal 474

[vii] American Jurisprudence, Vol. 17, pp 7-8(2^nd Edn.)

[viii] AIR 2000 SC 1136

[ix] T.N. Godaverman Thirumulpad v. Ashok Khot, AIR 2006 SC 2007

[x] Barad Kant Mishra v. Bhimsen Dixir, (1973) 1 SCC 446

[xi] In re Vinay Chandra Mishra, AIR 1995 SC 2348

[xii] AIR 1998 SC 3299

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The answer to this question is simple, that is, attending college provides vast opportunities and more exposure. When it comes to college education it becomes a lot more important to select the right course and right form of education. Students are confused whether to opt for regular attending graduation or graduation with correspondence.

It’s always best to go for a regular degree than the correspondence course. But there are many students who enroll in the correspondence course. It might seem easy and flexible at first but the reality is that it requires a lot more effort and discipline.

Regular Attending Graduation-A necessity

Regular attending graduation has its own merits and benefits. It shapes the life of a student and helps him to build a remarkable reputation.

There are many reasons for choosing regular attending graduation.

1-Direct contact with faculties

The biggest advantage of this mode of education is the direct contact with experienced professors. Students get an opportunity to have a one-on-one discussion with faculties. The professors have the solution to every query and problem of the students.

2-Atmosphere of learning

Ambience plays an important role while learning. It adds to learner’s strength and willingness to learn. Regular attending graduation gives proper atmosphere where a student can learn and recognize his full potential which increases efficiency. In this regard, distance graduation has a major drawback as neither can it generate the campus spirit nor can it give proper classroom situation.

3-Source of motivation

Regular attending graduation provides constant cheer and jeers to every student. They are fully motivated on a day-to-day basis so that they can achieve their target and goals. While in distance education, one has to motivate oneself.

4-High acceptance in job market

Students with a regular degree are given more importance than the one with distance education degree in the job market. Having a regular degree often provides for greater promotion opportunity. It helps students to acquire well-paid jobs.

5-Cultivation of professional attitude

This type of learning germinates professional attitude in students. They are given the pressure of completing targets and meeting deadlines through which students can learn professionalism. In this aspect, not going to college but studying from home is a major setback.

6- Social Interaction

Regular attending graduation gives students an opportunity to socialize and make new friends that they could not have met if they were not enrolled in a college. As they interact with new people from different cultures, they learn to embrace diversity and remove stereotypes associated with some cultures.

Also, this interaction helps to grow in a much better ways as one can learn from his/her fellow students. Learning together creates an environment of competition which ultimately benefited the student.

In the end, it’s better to say that correspondence course will cover up for the Bachelor’s degree, but not the practical issues one might face in the real world.

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