Internation Politics – Kailasha Foundation

Diplomacy and its types

Nancy Naina — Thu, 17 Jan 2019 05:30:31 +0000

In a simple and genuine way “Diplomacy is the art of letting someone have it, your way”.

The term diplomacy is derived from the ancient Greek root diplōma, composed of Diplo, meaning “folded in two,” and the suffix -ma, meaning “an object.” The folded document conferred a privilege—often a permit to travel—on the bearer. Diplomacy later became identified with international relations.

Theoretically, Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of states. On a societal level, diplomacy simply is the tactics of dealing with people successfully, employing legacy and skill to ensure there is no animosity

Diplomacy is the chief instrument of foreign policy. The representative of the sides or the different states are called diplomats. Diplomacy is an ancient practice of conducting negotiations. The 3,295 Years old Amarna letters in cuneiform writing on a clay tablet written between the pharaohs of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt and the Amurru rulers of Canaan during the 14th century BC is the evidence that it is in practice since most ancient times. Ancient India, with its kingdoms and dynasties, had a long tradition of diplomacy. The oldest treatise on statecraft and diplomacy, Arthashastra, is attributed to Kautilya.

There are several types of diplomacy, let’s have a look.

Preventive Diplomacy is the use of different diplomatic tools to prevent disputes from arising or to prevent existing disputes from escalating into violent conflicts. Preventive Diplomacy is the defining concept of future diplomacy.

Public Diplomacy is also known as People’s Diplomacy is various government-sponsored efforts aimed at communicating directly with foreign publics. Public diplomacy includes all official efforts to convince targeted sectors of foreign opinion to support or tolerate a government’-s strategic objectives.

Soft Power: According to Joseph Nye, It is the cultivation of relationships, respect, or even admiration from others in order to gain influence, as opposed to more coercive approaches.

Economic Diplomacy deals with nexus power and wealth in international affairs

Counterinsurgency diplomacy is public diplomacy carried out with military means and in tandem with the approach taken by the military.

Gunboat diplomacy is the use of conspicuous displays of military strength as a means of intimidation in order to influence others.

Migration Diplomacy is the use of diplomatic tools, processes, and procedures to manage cross-border population mobility.

Appeasement is a policy of making concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid confrontation

Nuclear diplomacy is the area of diplomacy related to preventing nuclear proliferation and nuclear war.

Diplomacy is the chief tool of foreign policy, it is used to pursue the country’s interests, to engage in international discourse, and to alleviate friction between sovereign states.

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Data Sources: Wikipedia and Britannica.

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DAILY GK COURSE QUIZ 255: 10 Questions for your daily GK dose

Ankit Keshan — Sat, 06 Jan 2018 09:59:10 +0000

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Human Rights Day: Stand Up 4 Human Rights

Anupam Shukla — Sun, 10 Dec 2017 05:30:04 +0000

What are Human rights?

Speaking of Human Rights, Justice P.N. Bhagwati rightly observed as all those rights which are essential for the protection and maintenance of dignity of individuals and create conditions in which every human being can develop his personality to the fullest extent may be termed human rights.[i]

Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights describes it as: “Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.

Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles and other sources of international law. International human rights law lays down obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.”[ii]

Therefore, Human Rights are those rights which belong to an individual as a consequence of being human as a means to human dignity. These are the rights which all men everywhere at all times ought to have, something of which no one may be deprived without a grave affront of justice.

UDHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Owing to its creation Atlantic Charter (1941) and the Declaration of the United Nations (1942), UDHR was prepared by the Drafting Committee appointed by the Commission on Human Rights (1947) under Economic and Social Council. The Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly by a vote of 48 to zero with eight abstentions on 10^th December 1948.

The Declaration contains 30 Articles enumerating the basic postulates and principles of human rights quite comprehensively. 21 Articles enumerate civil and political rights while 6 Articles observe the principles of economic and social rights.

Effect of the Declaration:

Often described as the contemporary Magna Carta, the Declaration was not to create legal obligations, as it was merely a recommendation to member states. But over the years the Declaration has acquired the status of customary international law because most states treat it as though it were law. However, governments have not applied this customary law equally. Various Conventions have been influenced & inspired by the UDHR and created the binding obligations. E.g. Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of Prostitution of others (1949), Convention on the Status of Refugees (1951), Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide (1951), Convention on the Forced labour (1957), etc.

Human Rights Day:

The day was observed as Human Rights Day for the first time at the 317th Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on 4 December 1950, when the General Assembly declared resolution 423(V), inviting all member states and any other interested organizations to celebrate the day(10 December) of each year. Human rights day is celebrated by the people all across the world to get the real rights for the human beings & to improve the physical, social, cultural and spiritual well being and welfare of the vulnerable group of people globally. Some of the important reasons to celebrate the Day are:

To promote the awareness about human rights among the people all around the world.
To emphasize the endeavours of the United Nations General Assembly in order to progress the overall human rights conditions.
To get together and celebrate in cooperation to discuss and highlight the specific issues of the human rights.
To encourage the vulnerable group of people like women, minorities, youth, poor, disabled person, indigenous people and etc to take part in this event celebration and political decision-making.

“Next year – on 10 December 2018 – world will celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and this year’s Human Rights Day on Sunday marks the beginning of a year-long 70th-anniversary commemoration.” In this year’s event, On Sunday 10 December, the High Commissioner will mark Human Rights Day and the launch of the 70th anniversary campaign alongside the Mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris — the historic site of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the General Assembly on 10 December 1948. The themes of previous years were:

The theme of 2012: “Inclusion and the right to participate in public life” and “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”.
The theme of 2013: “20 Years: Working for Your Rights”.
The theme of 2014: “Celebrating 20 years of changing lives through Human Rights”.

Human Rights Issues in India:

Some of the Human Rights issues in India which need to be resolved in quick time are:

Abolition of bonded labour,
Combating sexual harassment of women at workplace,
Right to food,
Dalits issues including atrocities perpetrated on them,
Problems faced by denotified and nomadic tribes,
Rights of the disabled,
Abolition of child labour,
Population control, etc.

Be it Supreme Court of India or the National Commission of India, the Human Rights issues have been taken seriously since last few decades. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights empowers us all. The principles enshrined in the Declaration are as relevant today as they were in 1948. We need to stand up for our own rights and those of others. We can take action in our own daily lives, to uphold the rights that protect us all and thereby promote the kinship of all human beings.

[i] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, A.I.R. 1978 SC 597

http: //www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx

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International day for the Elimination of Violence against Women

Ankit Keshan — Sat, 25 Nov 2017 05:29:34 +0000

International Day For the Elimination of Violence against Women, is a day designated by The United Nations General Assembly
It is celebrated on every 25th November across the globe
The issue arose with the 1960 assassination of three political activist sisters
The date was marked by activists in 1981
On December 17, 1999, the date received its official United Nations (UN) resolution
It is also known as White Ribbon Day
The day has got the utmost recognition in Australia as compared to any other Country

image source – internet

The United Nations’ Website has a dedicated page for the event and the Current theme (Since 1914) is named Orange the World.

image source: UN Website

The historical details of the day can be read from Wikipedia, whereas the present details can be precisely found on the UN Website itself.

image source: the internet

The change is visible. It can be seen that we are not in the era when women were synonyms of the oppressed and the world is moving ahead. We should appreciate the change and contribute positively towards it.

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U.S ELECTIONS – Donald Trump effect on India

Nupur Shivangi — Tue, 26 Sep 2017 05:30:10 +0000

Politics and selection of political parties & candidates always have had a major impact on India-US relationships on many fronts. These decisions affect economies of both countries, job prospects, and many such important aspects. Recently elected Donald Trump and his dynamic and ever-changing decisions kept the world on their toes. So before further analysis let dig into the life of the 45th president of USA.

So before further analysis let dig into the life of the 45th president of USA.

U.S.resident, real estate mogul and former reality TV star Donald John Trump was born in 1946, in Queens, New York. In 1971, he became involved in large, profitable building projects in Manhattan. In 1980, he opened the Grand Hyatt, which made him the city’s best-known developer. In 2004, Trump began starring in the hit NBC reality series The Apprentice, which also spawned the offshoot The Celebrity Apprentice. Trump turned his attention to politics, and in 2015 he announced his candidacy for president of the United States on the Republican ticket. After winning a majority of the primaries and caucuses, Trump became the official Republican candidate for president on July 19, 2016. That November, Trump was elected the 45th President of the United States, after defeating Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton.

Well! The US being an economy on which major decisions of world trade and market depends, even a slight change in the structure can cause huge difference and that too when decisions of the president were on the role as well as dynamic.

Let’s look out at some of the effects on the world.

1)Pull-out from Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): Long promised throughout his election campaign, Trump signed the executive order to pull out of the TPP, days after his inauguration on 20 January.

2)Climate change: For now, the US seems to be adhering to the pact, though Trump’s “Energy Independence” executive order eliminates many Barack Obama-era restrictions on fossil fuel production. But it is unclear how the US will now achieve its carbon reduction goals.

3)Immigration: Trump has twice been challenged by the US courts on imposing a temporary travel ban on visitors from Iran, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen, Syria, and Libya. Initially, Trump’s first executive order also applied to those holding green cards but was struck down.

4)Syria: After advocating a hands-off approach towards the Syrian civil war, Trump authorized a Tomahawk missile attack targeting an airfield after a suspected chemical attack by the Syrian government

5)Taxes: In a bid to keep American businesses in America, Trump has proposed slashing corporate tax rates to 15% from the current 35%, and 39.6% for small businesses. Overseas corporate profits returning to the country will also be taxed at 15%. The measure is expected to be welcomed at home by small businesses.

6)Rolling back Obamacare: The Affordable Care Act pushed through by Obama, a campaign promise of Trump, seemed easier said than done when a section of Republicans themselves opposed the repeal. It was a setback for Trump which put a question mark on his ability to enact other major promises like tax reform and infrastructure investment.

POSITIVES OF DONALD TRUMP’S PRESIDENCY ON INDIA

1)Fight against terrorism: Trump always had a tough stance on Pakistan’s involvement in propagating terrorism. India could benefit in its collective fight against terrorism with the support of newly elected US president and America’s support. This will also strengthen Indo-US defense and strategic relations.

2)Chances of a Strong economy: Better defense relationship will give a chance to India for a positive boost in Indian economy with better strategic decisions and collaborative efforts from the US.

3)Better chances for entrepreneurs and students: Although Donald Trump wants to make stronger immigration rules; he at the same time, always welcomed the idea of giving better chances and more opportunities to Indian entrepreneurs and students in America. This will positively impact both the economies especially Indian economy.

4)Trade relations: Trump, throughout his entire campaign, was critical of China and its policies. India might gain upper hand in its trade relations if Trump imposes heavy tariffs in case of China not agreeing to rewrite trade agreements. His intended policies towards China are likely to benefit India. Trump openly commented on China as a threat and is apparently willing to start a trade war to prove his viewpoints. Trump will definitely need India, in case he decides to fight China’s trade policies, to project power in South Asia.

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF DONALD TRUMP’S PRESIDENCY ON INDIA

1)Donald Trump’s promise of bringing back jobs to the US from India might result in stricter immigration rules for Indians. This will make entry to the US for work much more difficult.

2)Trump’s political novices might result in companies like Microsoft, Gm and ford go back to the US due to Trump’s promise of reducing corporate tax substantially and companies would want to benefit from this.

3)Trump’s opinion on H1B visa program as unfair might negatively affect Indian IT companies and their stocks including the major ones such as Infosys and TCS. This will impact Indian IT sector in a big way.

4)Trumps impractical plans of negotiating all foreign trade deals in order to promote America might affect Indian trade treaties as well.

Having said this, Donald Trump definitely deserves a fair and nonjudgmental chance as the American president. He surely doesn’t have the political experience but he is a pretty successful businessman. His sharp business acumen has won him incredible wealth and it would be unfair to judge him based just on his bitterly fought campaign strategies. It will be interesting to see the developments in Indian-US relationships in the coming future under Donald Trump’s presidency. Hence what would be the possible results of today’s decision is still under the curtains of time. What we can do is accept the present giving him a fair chance and hope for the best!

Reference

http://www.livemint.com/Politics/aEsQ0T37fdvc6Y6aer6D3J/Donald-Trumps-100-days-Decisions-that-affected-India-the.html?facet=amp&utm_source=googleamp&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=googleamp

http://m.economictimes.com/news/international/heres-how-a-win-for-donald-trump-will-impact-india/amp_articleshow/55325954.cm

http://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/companies/indian-it-sector-braces-for-impact-of-donald-trump-s-immigration-order-117012900803_1.html

Hindu- newspaper

Times of India

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