A film featuring Ajay Devgan, titled: Atithi tum kab jaoge?

image source: Google

Source: India Today

Source: Times of India

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The grievance redressal mechanism of an organization/country is its instrument to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of its administrative policies and procedures. Persistence of public grievances in any administrative system speaks of a wary state of administration. The absence of any record of public grievances can, however, indicate a worse scenario as this may suggest non-acknowledgement of grievances of serious nature which may later become humungous and unmanageable. Therefore, ventilation and redressal of grievances remain to be one of the major goals of an administration that wants to be citizen friendly. It also ensures the good health of the system.

Public Grievance Redressal Mechanism in India:

At the apex level, there are primarily two designated nodal agencies in the Central Government for handling these grievances: (i) the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG), Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, and (ii) the Directorate of Public Grievances, Cabinet Secretariat. A Standing Committee of Secretaries for Grievance Redressal, headed by the Cabinet Secretary, conducts the review of grievance redressal mechanism of different Ministries/Departments of Government of India.

The DARPG has undertaken initiatives in the fields of administrative reforms and public grievances in the government, aimed at the delivery of citizen-centric administration and quality public services in order to improve governance. The main responsibility of the DARPG is to lay down broad policy guidelines for the institutionalization of grievance redress system in the Ministries/ Departments/ Organizations. The grievances received by the Department are forwarded to the concerned Ministries/Departments/State Governments/Union Territories, dealing with the substantive functions related to which a particular grievance has been received. On the basis of the grievances received, the Department identifies the problem areas which are analyzed with a view to suggesting substantive and procedural improvements to the Ministry/ Department/ Organization concerned.

The Directorate of Public Grievances is an appellate body investigating grievances selectively with regard to complaints where the complainant had failed to get redressal at the hands of the internal machinery and the hierarchical authorities. At present, this Directorate is handling grievances pertaining to 20 Central Government organisations. Wherever the Directorate is convinced that the grievance has not been dealt with in an objective and just manner, it makes suitable recommendations for consideration and adoption by the concerned Ministry/Department, which is required to implement these within a month.

The uniform software called Public Grievances Redress and Monitoring System (PGRAMS) developed by the National Informatics Centre has been installed in a number of Ministries/ Departments/ Organisations. In an endeavour to further improve the system, the Department has developed and introduced a centralized web-enabled module (CPGRAMS), which is being installed to facilitate the Public Grievances Officers of various Ministries/ Departments/ Organisations to log in and view the grievances forwarded by DARPG to the concerned Ministries for expeditious redressal. The CPGRAMS offers to the citizens the facility of lodging grievances, viewing their current status and getting reminders online. It facilitates the Ministries/ Departments to add subordinate organizations and forward grievances to them for redressal.

image source – The Hindu

Current Scenario:

There is considerable variation across organisations in respect of the Charter commitments as well as their implementation with regard to the redressal of public grievances. The commitment of Charters in respect of timely response and redress, however, remains poor. Nearly 41% of the Charters did not indicate any timeframe for redress of public grievances. 61% of them did not indicate any time frame for acknowledging the public grievances and nearly 43% of them did not have a timeframe for giving responses to the petitioners. There is also considerable variation in respect to the number of grievances received, disposed off and pending in various organisations, as also the extent of institutionalisation of the redress processes. In a few organizations, there has been an increasing trend towards online registration of complaints. Others have not moved towards online system because of the lack of human resource development. CPGRAMS has still not been introduced by some Ministries and Departments. In departments and ministries where CPGRAMS is working, in many cases, the replies to grievances are still being sent by post rendering the process to be slow despite the efforts. Also, since CPGRAMS has been introduced in most organizations only recently, efficient processes of delivery of the grievances to the attached/subordinate offices or the PSUs /autonomous bodies, and getting feedback/comments from them and transmission of final replies to DARPG are yet to be developed.

However, one encounters a disturbing similarity in respect of inadequate publicity, the burden of other work on the PG officers and staff, lack of required human resource support, lack of comprehensive training to address technological, managerial and behavioural needs of effective grievance redress system and lack of efforts to institute innovations to improve Citizen-administration interface.
Institutionalization of jan-sunwais or lok-adaalats, the constitution of social audit panels, regular monitoring and reviews to assess performance, etc. are lacking in most organisations, making the grievance redress machinery more of a ritual than an effective instrument of organisational reinvention.

In most organizations, it has emerged that the process of redress is quite tiresome and prolonged. Several cases have been pending for long. In some cases, the grievance process has itself become a source of grievance because of the complex or unclear procedures that have added to delayed redress. The inefficiency of the system has manifested from the inability of the organisations to reduce its own delivery cost and ensure that the service users/citizens actually benefit from the processes without having to incur high costs in terms of money, time and energy. From the user perspective, efficiency deficit has been characteristic of most organisations, which get a large number of grievances and find it difficult to handle these due to either lack of staff or poor training or lack of coordination within the organisation. The poor handling of the location factor, the speed of the process and the expenditure that has to be incurred by the user have made the PGR system poor on the count of efficiency. It is also a result of the poor management of available resources and inadequate capacity building initiatives. Some organizations, which did not get many grievance cases, felt that the mechanism itself was a source of inefficiency as the set up took away considerable resources without generating enough work, and without contributing to any change in the image of the organization.

What can be done?

The timely redressal of grievances by the PGR system depends considerably on the appropriate arrangement of authority and deployment of adequate resources with the redress mechanism. There’s a need to eradicate widespread discontentment among the PG officers regarding the gap between their responsibilities and powers. Also, the PG Cell often does not enjoy/ exercise any power to offer relief or even to give directions to the concerned officers in the matter or do a follow-up of the grievance redress process. At the same time, there is a need to address the issue of an overload of responsibilities due to the shortage of staff. In the case of many organisations, the personnel in the PG Cell carry out many other responsibilities too, and can, therefore, spare only a limited time and effort to meet the challenge of public grievances. Director’s answerability to many organizations as well as handling of miscellaneous files to the office also puts extra pressure on the office. This calls for vesting of more resources and staff for the cause.

The hard reality which needs to be confronted is that the PGR system has been poorly utilized in most organizations of the government. In spite of having a grievance, people do not generally access redressal mechanisms. Access depends as much on the location, technological competence and resource position as on their awareness of the existence of the mechanism and conviction about its utility, dependability and ease of access. Making information technology-based systems simpler to use and using these creatively to cross the physical barriers to reach those seeking redress, is a challenge for all organizations in a country where access to technology is limited for reasons of lack of education and resources. At present, the CPGRAMS is being used mostly by the staff, that too, in a few organisations. Organisations need to institute back-end support in their subordinate offices to enable smooth reception of grievances from their respective ministries and departments, who, in turn, would receive forwarded grievances from the DARPG, the entire process being online. It could make the process a lot faster.

To ensure accountability and adherence to timeframes allotted, monitoring of compliance to standards and commitments, holding periodic review meetings as a formalised mandatory process to appraise
Charter implementation, as well as the functioning of the PGR system, are crucial. The meetings should examine the extent of compliance with the timeframe for sending acknowledgements and final replies to petitioners. The reasons for delay should be explained in case of violation of time norms.

Providing effective channels for timely communication of decisions as well as the voice of the people is also a necessity. Information about many decisions remains confined to the small elite, close to the administrators. There is no space for inviting for policy or for improving ways of its implementation of decisions. This can take care of many possible grievances even before the decisions get taken.

A large part of grievances in most organizations owes themselves to ambiguity and complexity of rules and procedures. If these can be taken care of, the likelihood of grievances can be substantially reduced, resulting in lessening the burden on the office and leaving it with more time to dedicate to redressal of other grievances.

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International Women’s Day, is a public holiday in some countries such as Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine. For one day the whole world is busy celebrating women’s day, sharing quotes on social media, uploading stories here and there but very next day they treat women like nothing.

In June 2018, Thomson Reuters Foundation — the philanthropic arm of Reuters media company – released a study that ranked India as the most dangerous place for a female because of its high incidences of sexual violence, lack of access to justice in rape cases, child marriage, female feticide and human trafficking. India outranked countries such as Syria and Afghanistan, second and third, that are currently at war, between 2007 and 2016, there were four cases of rape every hour. There are 63 million “missing” women in the country because of sex-selective abortion, as well as 21 million unwanted girls. Things changed drastically since ‘Beti Padhao, Beti Bachao’ was implemented but still lots to do towards it.

Feminism has been singularly responsible for redressing these deeply sexist social injustices. This is an undeniable and morally reprehensible truth that women have faced countless brutal forms of institutionalized discrimination since time immemorial and in all sorts of cultural settings.
But some forms of feminism have been harmful in that they have built an ideological foundation that is anti-male. Apparently, misogyny is reprehensible and evil but misandry is virtuous and laudable. This extreme form of feminism refers to, women being superior. This notion is harmful not only for society but women also, because women are not superior, or inferior, nor do they need a particular day to be remembered. But like all humans, like other genders, they need to be recognised for the hard work they do. They need rights and should be allowed to exercise them without any prejudice, bias. Also, they need to be credited for their noteworthy achievements and should be allowed to falter, because they, like all others, know how to stand again. There are numerous examples where women showed outstanding courage and self-belief and stood lonely for themselves, Padma Shri Dr Arunima Sinha is one one of them, she is the first female amputee to scale Mount Everest and Mount Vinson. The former national volleyball and football player, boarded the Padmavati Express train at Lucknow for Delhi on 12 April 2011, to take an examination to join the CISF. She was pushed out of a general coach of the train by robbers wanting to snatch her bag and gold chain. Immediately, as she fell on the railway track, another train on a parallel track crushed her leg below the knee. She was rushed to the hospital with serious leg and pelvic injuries and lost her leg after doctors amputated it to save her life. Arunima proved, a woman can overcome from any circumstances even as worst as she faced on her own.
Her aim was to climb all the continents’ highest peaks and hoist the national flag of India. She has already done six peaks by 2014: Everest in Asia, Kilimanjaro in Africa, Elbrus in Europe, Kosciuszko in Australia, Aconcagua in Argentina and Carstensz Pyramid (Puncak Jaya) in Indonesia. She completed her final summit of Mount Vinson in Antarctica on 4 January 2019.

“A woman is like a tea bag- you never know how strong she is until she gets in hot water”

“A woman is like a tea bag- you never know how strong she is until she gets in hot water” well said by Eleanor Roosevelt, the longest serving first lady of the USA and Dr Arunima Sinha is living proof of that. Once Hillary Clinton said that “Nation that invests in women’s employment, health and education are just more likely to have better outcomes. Their children will be healthier and better educated. So this is not just the right thing to do for us to hold up these women, to support them, to encourage their involvement; this is a strategic imperative“. Considering the very reason Kailasha Foundation – Fun & Learn Portal dedicated the first edition of it’s e-magazine to women and issues related to them. It talks about periods and sanitary napkins. The e-magazine was named The Power Of Wings, released this year on 15th of January. To awaken the people, it is the women who must be awakened. Once she is on the move, the family moves, the village moves, and finally, the nation moves.

images' source: picsbud.com, Google

Acknowledgements: Lisa, Vaishnavi, Ankita, Tanushree, Riya, Snigdha, Shivani also contributed to this article.

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●स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति से पूर्व देश में स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के साथ-साथ हिंदी को देश की राष्ट्रभाषा बनाये जाने की सर्वाधिक मांग की जाती रही थी।

●संविधान निर्माताओं ने हिंदी को राष्ट्रभाषा बनाए जाने की मांग को दृष्टिगत रखते हुए संविधान सभा ने 14/9/1949 को हिंदी को संघ की राजभाषा स्वीकार करते हुए राजभाषा हिंदी के संबंध में प्रावधान किए।

●संविधान के भाग 5 एवं 6 के क्रमश: अनुच्छेद 120 तथा 210 में तथा भाग 17 के अनुचछेद 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350 तथा 351 में राजभाषा हिंदी के संबंध में निम्न प्रावधान किये गए हैं। इन प्रावधानों के साथ ही संप्रति भारत की 22 भाषाओं को संविधान की अनुसूची-8 में मान्यता दी गई है।

●ये भाषाएँ इस प्रकार हैं-

हिंदी, पंजाबी, उर्दू, कश्मीरी, संस्कृत, असमिया, ओड़िया, बांगला, गुजराती, मराठी, सिंधी, तमिल, तेलुगु, मलयालम, कन्नड़, मणिपुरी, कोंकणी, नेपाली, संथाली, मैथिली, बोड़ो तथा डोगरी।

●सन 1967 में 21वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा सिंधी भाषा 8वीं अनुसूची में जोड़ी गई थी। सन 1992 में 71वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा कोंकणी, नेपाली तथा मणिपुरी भाषाएँ 8वीं अनुसूची में जोड़ी गई थीं। सन 2003 में 92वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा संथाली, मैथिली, बोडो तथा डोगरी भाषाएँ 8वीं अनुसूची में जोड़ी गई थीं।

संसद में प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा

●संविधान के अनुच्छेद 120 के अंतर्गत संसद में प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा के संबंध में प्रावधान किया गया है।

●अनुच्छेद 120 के खंड (1) के अंतर्गत प्रावधान किया गया है कि संविधान के भाग-17 में किसी बात के होते हुए भी किंतु अनुच्छेद 348 के उपबंधों के अधीन रहते हुए संसद में कार्य हिंदी में या अंग्रेजी में किया जायेगा, परंतु यथा स्थिति लोक सभा का अध्यक्ष या राज्य सभा का सभापति अथवा उस रूप में कार्य करने वाला व्यक्ति सदन में किसी सदस्य को, जो हिंदी में या अंग्रेजी में अपनी पर्याप्त अभिव्यक्ति नहीं कर सकता है, तो उसे अपनी मातृभाषा में सदन को संबोधित करने की अनुमति दे सकता है।

●अनुच्छेद 120 के खंड (2) के अंतर्गत प्रावधान किया गया है कि जब तक संसद विधि द्वारा अन्यथा उपबंध न करे, तब तक संविधान के प्रारंभ के समय से पन्द्रह वर्ष की अवधि की समाप्ति के पश्चात यह अनुच्छेद इस प्रकार प्रभावी होगा मानो- या अंग्रेजी में शब्दों का लोप कर दिया गया हो।

विधान मंडल में प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा

●संविधान के अनुच्छेद 210 के अंतर्गत विधान मंडल में प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा के संबंध में प्रावधान किया गया है।

●अनुच्छेद 210 के खंड (1) के अंतर्गत प्रावधान किया गया है कि संविधान के भाग-17 में किसी बात के होते हुए भी किंतु अनुच्छेद 348 के उपबंधों के अधीन रहते हुए, राज्य के विधान मंडल में कार्य राज्य की राजभाषा या राजभाषाओं में या हिंदी में या अंग्रेजी में किया जायेगा, किंतु यथा स्थिति, विधान सभा का अध्यक्ष या विधान परिषद का सभापति अथवा उस रूप में कार्य करने वाला व्यक्ति सदन में किसी भी सदस्य को, जो अपने राज्य की राजभाषा या राजभाषाओं अथवा हिंदी अथवा अंग्रेजी में से किसी भी भाषा में अपनी पर्याप्त अभिव्यक्ति नहीं कर सकता है, तो उसे अपनी मातृभाषा में सदन को संबोधित करने की अनुमति दे सकता है।

●अनुच्छेद 210 के खंड (2) के अंतर्गत प्रावधान किया गया है कि जब तक राज्य का विधान मंडल विधि द्वारा अन्यथा उपबंध न करे, तब तक संविधान के लागू होने के समय से पन्द्रह वर्ष की अवधि की समाप्ति के बाद यह अनुच्छेद ऐसे प्रभावी होगा मानो- या अंग्रेज़ी में शब्दों का उसमें से लोप कर दिया गया हो।

संघ की राजभाषा

●संविधान के भाग-17 के अनुचछेद 343 से 351 तक में राजभाषा संबंधी प्रावधान किये गए हैं।

●संविधान के अनुच्छेद 343 के अंतर्गत संघ की राजभाषा के संबंध में प्रावधान किया गया है।

●अनुच्छेद 343 के खंड (1) के अनुसार देवनागरी लिपि में लिखित हिंदी संघ की राजभाषा है। संघ के शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग होने वाले अंकों का रूप भारतीय अंकों का अंतर्राष्ट्रीय रूप होगा। तथापि संविधान के इसी अनुच्छेद 343 के खंड (2) के अनुसार किसी बात के होते हुए भी इस संविधान के लागू होने के समय से पन्द्रह वर्ष की अवधि (अर्थात 26 जनवरी, 1965) तक संघ के उन सभी राजकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए वह संविधान के लागू होने के समय से ठीक वह संविधान के लागू होने के समय से ठीक पहले प्रयोग की जाती थी। (अर्थात् 26 जनवरी, 1965 तक अंग्रेजी उन सभी प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग की जाती रहेगी, जिनके लिए वह संविधान के लागू होने के समय से पूर्व प्रयोग की जाती थी।)

●अनुच्छेद 343 के खंड (2) के अंतर्गत यह भी प्रावधान किया गया है कि उक्त पन्द्रह वर्ष की अवधि में भी अर्थात् 26 जनवरी, 1965 से पूर्व भी राष्ट्रपति आदेश द्वारा किसी भी राजकीय प्रयोजन के लिए अंग्रेजी के साथ साथ देवनागरी रूप के प्रयोग की अनुमति दे सकते हैं।

अनुच्छेद 343. संघ की राजभाषा—

(1) संघ की राजभाषा हिंदी और लिपि देवनागरी होगी, संघ के शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग होने वाले अंकों का रूप भारतीय अंकों का अंतर्राष्ट्रीय रूप होगा।

(2) खंड (1) में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, इस संविधान के प्रारंभ से पंद्रह वर्ष की अवधि तक संघ के उन सभी शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए अंग्रेजी भाषा का प्रयोग किया जाता रहेगा जिनके लिए उसका ऐसे प्रारंभ से ठीक पहले प्रयोग किया जा रहा था , परन्तु राष्ट्रपति उक्त अवधि के दौरान, आदेश द्वारा, संघ के शासकीय प्रयोजनों में से किसी के लिए अंग्रेजी भाषा के अतिरिक्त हिंदी भाषा का और भारतीय अंकों के अंतर्राष्ट्रीय रूप के अतिरिक्त देवनागरी रूप का प्रयोग प्राधिकृत कर सकेगा।

(3) इस अनुच्छेद में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, संसद् उक्त पन्द्रह वर्ष की अवधि के पश्चात्‌, विधि द्वारा

(क) अंग्रेजी भाषा का, या

(ख) अंकों के देवनागरी रूप का,

ऐसे प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग उपबंधित कर सकेगी जो ऐसी विधि में विनिर्दिष्ट किए जाएं।

अनुच्छेद 344 राजभाषा के संबंध में आयोग और संसद की समिति—

(1) राष्ट्रपति, इस संविधान के प्रारंभ से पांच वर्ष की समाप्ति पर और तत्पश्चात्‌ ऐसे प्रारंभ से दस वर्ष की समाप्ति पर, आदेश द्वारा, एक आयोग गठित करेगा जो एक अध्यक्ष और आठवीं अनुसूची में विनिर्दिष्ट विभिन्न भाषाओं का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाले ऐसे अन्य सदस्यों से मिलकर बनेगा जिनको राष्ट्रपति नियुक्त करे और आदेश में आयोग द्वारा अनुसरण की जाने वाली प्रक्रिया परिनिश्चित की जाएगी।

(2) आयोग का यह कर्तव्य होगा कि वह राष्ट्रपति को–

(क) संघ के शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए हिंदी भाषा के अधिकाधिक प्रयोग,

(ख) संघ के सभी या किन्हीं शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए अंग्रेजी भाषा के प्रयोग पर निर्बंधनों,

(ग) अनुच्छेद 348 में उल्लिखित सभी या किन्हीं प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा,

(घ) संघ के किसी एक या अधिक विनिर्दिष्ट प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग किए जाने वाले अंकों के रूप,

(ड़) संघ की राजभाषा तथा संघ और किसी राज्य के बीच या एक राज्य और दूसरे राज्य के बीच पत्रादि की भाषा और उनके प्रयोग के संबंध में राष्ट्रपति द्वारा आयोग को निर्देशित किए गए किसी अन्य विषय, के बारे में सिफारिश करे।

(3) खंड (2) के अधीन अपनी सिफारिशें करने में, आयोग भारत की औद्योगिक, सांस्कृतिक और वैज्ञानिक उन्नति का और लोक सेवाओं के संबंध में अहिंदी भाषी क्षेत्रों के व्यक्तियों के न्यायसंगत दावों और हितों का सम्यक ध्यान रखेगा।

(4) एक समिति गठित की जाएगी जो तीस सदस्यों से मिलकर बनेगी जिनमें से बीस लोक सभा के सदस्य होंगे और दस राज्य सभा के सदस्य होंगे जो क्रमशः लोक सभा के सदस्यों और राज्य सभा के सदस्यों द्वारा आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व पद्धति के अनुसार एकल संक्रमणीय मत द्वारा निर्वाचित होंगे।

(5) समिति का यह कर्तव्य होगा कि वह खंड (1)के अधीन गठित आयोग की सिफारिशों की परीक्षा करे और राष्ट्रपति को उन पर अपनी राय के बारे में प्रतिवेदन दे।

(6) अनुच्छेद 343 में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, राष्ट्रपति खंड (5) में निर्दिष्ट प्रतिवेदन पर विचार करने के पश्चात्‌ उस संपूर्ण प्रतिवेदन के या उसके किसी भाग के अनुसार निदेश दे सकेगा।

अध्याय 2- प्रादेशिक भाषाएं अनुच्छेद 345. राज्य की राजभाषा या राजभाषाएं–

●अनुच्छेद 346 और अनुच्छेद 347 के उपबंधों के अधीन रहते हुए, किसी राज्य का विधान-मंडल, विधि द्वारा, उस राज्य में प्रयोग होने वाली भाषाओं में से किसी एक या अधिक भाषाओं को या हिंदी को उस राज्य के सभी या किन्हीं शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा या भाषाओं के रूप में अंगीकार कर सकेगाः

●परंतु जब तक राज्य का विधान-मंडल, विधि द्वारा, अन्यथा उपबंध न करे तब तक राज्य के भीतर उन शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए अंग्रेजी भाषा का प्रयोग किया जाता रहेगा जिनके लिए उसका इस संविधान के प्रारंभ से ठीक पहले प्रयोग किया जा रहा था।

अनुच्छेद 346. एक राज्य और दूसरे राज्य के बीच या किसी राज्य और संघ के बीच पत्रादि की राजभाषा-–

●संघ में शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग किए जाने के लिए तत्समय प्राधिकृत भाषा, एक राज्य और दूसरे राज्य के बीच तथा किसी राज्य और संघ के बीच पत्रादि की राजभाषा होगी :

●परंतु यदि दो या अधिक राज्य यह करार करते हैं कि उन राज्यों के बीच पत्रादि की राजभाषा हिंदी भाषा होगी तो ऐसे पत्रादि के लिए उस भाषा का प्रयोग किया जा सकेगा।

●अनुच्छेद 347. किसी राज्य की जनसंख्या के किसी भाग द्वारा बोली जाने वाली भाषा के संबंध में विशेष उपबंध–
यदि इस निमित्त मांग किए जाने पर राष्ट्रपति का यह समाधान हो जाता है कि किसी राज्य की जनसंख्या का पर्याप्त भाग यह चाहता है कि उसके द्वारा बोली जाने वाली भाषा को राज्य द्वारा मान्यता दी जाए तो वह निदेश दे सकेगा कि ऐसी भाषा को भी उस राज्य में सर्वत्र या उसके किसी भाग में ऐसे प्रयोजन के लिए, जो वह विनिर्दिष्ट करे, शासकीय मान्यता दी जाए।

अध्याय 3 – उच्चतम न्यायालय, उच्च न्यायालयों आदि की भाषा

अनुच्छेद 348. उच्चतम न्यायालय और उच्च न्यायालयों में और अधिनियमों, विधेयकों आदि के लिए प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा–
(1) इस भाग के पूर्वगामी उपबंधों में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, जब तक संसद् विधि द्वारा अन्यथा उपबंध न करे तब तक–

(क) उच्चतम न्यायालय और प्रत्येक उच्च न्यायालय में सभी कार्यवाहियां अंग्रेजी भाषा में होंगी,

(ख) (i) संसद् के प्रत्येक सदन या किसी राज्य के विधान-मंडल के सदन या प्रत्येक सदन में पुरःस्थापित किए जाने वाले सभी विधेयकों या प्रस्तावित किए जाने वाले उनके संशोधनों के,

(ii) संसद या किसी राज्य के विधान-मंडल द्वारा पारित सभी अधिनियमों के और राष्ट्रपति या किसी राज्य के राज्यपाल द्वारा प्रख्यापित सभी अध्यादेशों के ,और

(iii) इस संविधान के अधीन अथवा संसद या किसी राज्य के विधान-मंडल द्वारा बनाई गई किसी विधि के अधीन निकाले गए या बनाए गए सभी आदेशों, नियमों, विनियमों और उपविधियों के, प्राधिकृत पाठ अंग्रेजी भाषा में होंगे।

(2) खंड(1) के उपखंड (क) में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, किसी राज्य का राज्यपाल राष्ट्रपति की पूर्व सहमति से उस उच्च न्यायालय की कार्यवाहियों में, जिसका मुख्य स्थान उस राज्य में है, हिन्दी भाषा का या उस राज्य के शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग होने वाली किसी अन्य भाषा का प्रयोग प्राधिकृत कर सकेगाः

परंतु इस खंड की कोई बात ऐसे उच्च न्यायालय द्वारा दिए गए किसी निर्णय, डिक्री या आदेश को लागू नहीं होगी।

(3) खंड (1) के उपखंड (ख) में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, जहां किसी राज्य के विधान-मंडल ने,उस विधान-मंडल में पुरःस्थापित विधेयकों या उसके द्वारा पारित अधिनियमों में अथवा उस राज्य के राज्यपाल द्वारा प्रख्यापित अध्यादेशों में अथवा उस उपखंड के पैरा (iv‌) में निर्दिष्ट किसी आदेश, नियम, विनियम या उपविधि में प्रयोग के लिए अंग्रेजी भाषा से भिन्न कोई भाषा विहित की है वहां उस राज्य के राजपत्र में उस राज्य के राज्यपाल के प्राधिकार से प्रकाशित अंग्रेजी भाषा में उसका अनुवाद इस अनुच्छेद के अधीन उसका अंग्रेजी भाषा में प्राधिकृत पाठ समझा जाएगा।

●अनुच्छेद 349. भाषा से संबंधित कुछ विधियां अधिनियमित करने के लिए विशेष प्रक्रिया–
इस संविधान के प्रारंभ से पंद्रह वर्ष की अवधि के दौरान, अनुच्छेद 348 के खंड (1) में उल्लिखित किसी प्रयोजन के लिए प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा के लिए उपबंध करने वाला कोई विधेयक या संशोधन संसद के किसी सदन में राष्ट्रपति की पूर्व मंजूरी के बिना पुरःस्थापित या प्रस्तावित नहीं किया जाएगा और राष्ट्रपति किसी ऐसे विधेयक को पुरःस्थापित या किसी ऐसे संशोधन को प्रस्तावित किए जाने की मंजूरी अनुच्छेद 344 के खंड (1) के अधीन गठित आयोग की सिफारिशों पर और उस अनुच्छेद के खंड (4) के अधीन गठित समिति के प्रतिवेदन पर विचार करने के पश्चात्‌ ही देगा, अन्यथा नहीं।

●अध्याय 4– विशेष निदेश
अनुच्छेद 350. व्यथा के निवारण के लिए अभ्यावेदन में प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा–
प्रत्येक व्यक्ति किसी व्यथा के निवारण के लिए संघ या राज्य के किसी अधिकारी या प्राधिकारी को, यथास्थिति, संघ में या राज्य में प्रयोग होने वाली किसी भाषा में अभ्यावेदन देने का हकदार होगा।

●अनुच्छेद 350 क. प्राथमिक स्तर पर मातृभाषा में शिक्षा की सुविधाएं–
प्रत्येक राज्य और राज्य के भीतर प्रत्येक स्थानीय प्राधिकारी भाषाई अल्पसंख्यक-वर्गों के बालकों को शिक्षा के प्राथमिक स्तर पर मातृभाषा में शिक्षा की पर्याप्त सुविधाओं की व्यवस्था करने का प्रयास करेगा और राष्ट्रपति किसी राज्य को ऐसे निदेश दे सकेगा जो वह ऐसी सुविधाओं का उपबंध सुनिश्चित कराने के लिए आवश्यक या उचित समझता है।

●अनुच्छेद 350 ख. भाषाई अल्पसंख्यक-वर्गों के लिए विशेष अधिकारी–
(1) भाषाई अल्पसंख्यक-वर्गों के लिए एक विशेष अधिकारी होगा जिसे राष्ट्रपति नियुक्त करेगा।

(2) विशेष अधिकारी का यह कर्तव्य होगा कि वह इस संविधान के अधीन भाषाई अल्पसंख्यक-वर्गों के लिए उपबंधित रक्षोपायों से संबंधित सभी विषयों का अन्वेषण करे और उन विषयों के संबंध में ऐसे अंतरालों पर जो राष्ट्रपति निर्दिष्ट करे,

●राष्ट्रपति को प्रतिवेदन दे और राष्ट्रपति ऐसे सभी प्रतिवेदनों को संसद् के प्रत्येक सदन के समक्ष रखवाएगा और संबंधित राज्यों की सरकारों को भिजवाएगा।

●अनुच्छेद 351. हिंदी भाषा के विकास के लिए निदेश–
संघ का यह कर्तव्य होगा कि वह हिंदी भाषा का प्रसार बढ़ाए, उसका विकास करे जिससे वह भारत की सामासिक संस्कृति के सभी तत्वों की अभिव्यक्ति का माध्यम बन सके और उसकी प्रकृति में हस्तक्षेप किए बिना हिंदुस्थानी में और आठवीं अनुसूची में विनिर्दिष्ट भारत की अन्य भाषाओं में प्रयुक्त रूप, शैली और पदों को आत्मसात करते हुए और जहां आवश्यक या वांछनीय हो वहां उसके शब्द-भंडार के लिए मुख्यतः संस्कृत से और गौणतः अन्य भाषाओं से शब्द ग्रहण करते हुए उसकी समृद्धि सुनिश्चित करे।

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The post राजभाषा हिंदी की संवैधानिक स्थिति appeared first on Kailasha Foundation.

In this article, we are going to learn about the pads, composition of the pads, and some other useful information regarding pads.

Material for manufacturing

Generally, pad companies do not disclose the material they use to prepare that sanitary pad by showing that the pad is a medical device and is used for female hygiene however different companies sell the variety of pads with advertisements having different kind of capabilities. These companies along with cotton use some polymer or other organic compounds to enhance the absorbing capacity of pads. One of the patented ingredient is Infinicel which can hold as much as 10 times of its weight.

Along with cotton, conventional sanitary pads contain polymer (More precisely, we should call it plastic) content and a general research shows that a single sanitary pad contain plastics equivalent to about four plastic bags.

Furthermore, to make the pads clean and hygienic, fibre use to make pad are bleached with chlorine or any other chemical.

Even, now a days cotton is being replaced by rayon and viscose fibre.

Advantages of using Pads

We all are pretty much aware with the advantages of using the pad. One of the most important is hygiene. Being clean, pads do not allow any infection to grow due to dirty blood. However, being modern, pads have been changed and improved a lot to enhance the capacity. Here capacity of a pad is always linked with the amount of blood it can hold but the questions are,

Is this the only need of pad i.e. to hold the blood?

are pads serving their real purpose?

Let’s take a look.

Disadvantages of Pads

Before listing the disadvantages, one of the important things to note is that the muscles around vagina are delicate and soft and they can absorb any organic chemical directly into the blood.

Now let’s take a look what will happen if the above-listed chemicals and plastic will go inside a women body.

1. They can cause cancer – Yes, you are reading right. The rayon contains dioxin, which can cause ovarian cancer. Also, the fibre present in absorbent pads may cause cervical cancer.
2. Plasticizing chemicals used in pads like BPA, BPS etc can disrupt embryonic development and can also cause heart diseases.
3. Some pads use the chemicals which release odor to remove the smell of menstrual blood. These chemicals used for fragrance can cause complications to embryonic development. These chemicals may lead to other infections too.
4. Cotton used in pads may contain pesticides which can also cause irritation and other diseases.
5. Some tampons or pads can create a favorable environment for the growth of bacteria and accumulation of bacteria may lead to Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS).

Now, one may question that should they use the pad or not? Then my answer would be, definitely one should use the pad instead of a piece of cloth but the choice of the pad should be carefully done. There are alternatives in the market. Like, In India, a brand Saathi prepare pads from banana fiber which is natural (Note: please verify before purchasing Saathi pads, I am not advertising them, just giving the reference being different from other brands) and can be a better alternative than other pads.

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Communalism is a political orientation that recognizes religious community and not the nation as the focal point of political allegiance. Therefore, it is a political strategy opposed to nationalism as a process of multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious communities. It also opposes the idea of secularism and socio-cultural co-existence.

The growth of Communalism in India:

Communalism owes its existence in India to British imperialism. It was a desperate design to sow disaffection and conflict.  It was used to promote the social & cultural differences and then to extend political divisions by treating Indians basically not as Indians but as members of religious communities. The voters were classified as Hindu or Muslim and so were the candidates and representatives. It is the contribution of British that communalism came to acquire the meaning of being opposed to national identity, of being against the secularization process, of being too narrowly and negatively attached to one’s own religious community and that essentially for political benefits.

Causes of Communalism:                

The main causes of rising and extension of communalism in India are as follows:

1. Political opportunism
2. Communal Parties and Organisations
3. Economic Backwardness of the Muslims
4. Appeasement Policy of the Congress Party
5. Separatism and Isolationism among Muslims
6. Communal Media, Literature and Textbooks
7. Hindu Chauvinism
8. Electoral Compulsions

Eradication of Communalism:

Communalism cannot be uprooted from a society like India. However, there are certain measures by application of which communalism can be checked. They are:

1. A ban on communal organisations,
2. Balanced development of all the communities,
3. Increasing the sense of security in Muslims by way of economic growth among them,
4. Separation of religion from politics,
5. Removal of communal orientation in textbooks and other sources in schools,
6. Avoidance of rumours and fake news likely to promote communal prejudice,
7. Joint enjoyment and celebration of festivals…

Apart from these, the state machinery should understand its role in the society and the law and order machinery should be depoliticized. They should be made directly responsible for any communal tension in their jurisdiction.

Communalism cannot be accepted as the necessary evil in the society. It is detrimental to the development, social change, democracy and the federal feature of the State. Jawaharlal Nehru had pointed out the issue and termed it as the greatest danger. And so he said that anyone who loves India would hate communalism and anyone who hates India would love communalism.

Source:

Dr Fadia, B.L., Indian Government and Politics, Sahitya Bhawan, Agra, 2014.

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What is Women’s Day?

It is a day when women are recognized for their achievements irrespective of their division, nationality, ethnicity, language, cultural, economic or political background. Today when we see the outside world, we know that there have been a lot of talks about women rights, their upliftment feminism, women empowerment, gender equality and many more ambiguous terms. There has been exploitation of women all over the globe since time immemorial, they have been derived from their basic necessities, they have been treated inhumanely as hell and their condition has been poor as slaves. That’s why in the so-called modern era, some philosophers, social activists and the society itself is trying to give women from what they have been deprived of. For that, International Women’s Day first emerged from the activities of labour movements at the turn of the twentieth century in North America and across Europe.

How did it start?[i]

• 1909: The first National Woman’s Day was observed in the United States on 28 February. The Socialist Party of America designated this day in honour of the 1908 garment workers’ strike in New York, where women protested against working conditions.
• 1910: The Socialist International, meeting in Copenhagen, established a Women’s Day, international in character, to honour the movement for women’s rights and to build support for achieving universal suffrage for women. The proposal was greeted with unanimous approval by the conference of over 100 women from 17 countries, which included the first three women elected to the Finnish Parliament. No fixed date was selected for the observance.
• 1911: As a result of the Copenhagen initiative, International Women’s Day was marked for the first time (19 March) in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland, where more than one million women and men attended rallies. In addition to the right to vote and to hold public office, they demanded women’s rights to work, to vocational training and to an end to discrimination on the job.
• 1913-1914: International Women’s Day also became a mechanism for protesting World War I. As part of the peace movement, Russian women observed their first International Women’s Day on the last Sunday in February. Elsewhere in Europe, on or around 8 March of the following year, women held rallies either to protest the war or to express solidarity with other activists.
• 1917: Against the backdrop of the war, women in Russia again chose to protest and strike for “Bread and Peace” on the last Sunday in February (which fell on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar). Four days later, the Czar abdicated and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote.
• 1975: During International Women’s Year, the United Nations began celebrating International Women’s Day on 8 March.
• 1977: In December 1977, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution proclaiming a United Nations Day for Women’s Rights and International Peace to be observed on any day of the year by Member States, in accordance with their historical and national traditions.

Theme for Women’s day:

In 2012- The UN theme for International Women’s Day was ‘Empower Rural Women – End Hunger and Poverty’. In 2013, the UN theme for International Women’s Day was ‘A promise is a promise: Time for action to end violence against women’. It was ‘Equality for Women is Progress for All’ for 2014;  ‘Empowering Women, Empowering Humanity: Picture it!’ for 2015; in 2016, the theme was ‘Planet 50-50 by 2030: Step It Up for Gender Equality’. And in 2017, ‘Women in the Changing World of Work: Planet 50-50 by 2030’ was the theme. For 2018, the theme UN has agreed upon is ‘Time is Now: Rural and urban activists transforming women’s lives’.[ii]

Is it real?

The unfortunate fact is that women are still not paid equally to that of their male counterparts, women still are not present in equal numbers in business or politics, and globally women’s education, health and the violence against them is worse than that of men. But “the change is visible. It can be seen that we are not in the era when women were synonyms of the oppressed and the world is moving ahead. We should appreciate the change and contribute positively towards it.”[iii] International Women’s Day is an official holiday in many countries including Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, China (for women only), Cuba, Georgia, Guinea-Bissau, Eritrea, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Madagascar (for women only), Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Nepal (for women only), Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam and Zambia. In fact, in some countries, women’s day has been as established as Mother’s Day.

What’s next?

In words of Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, UN Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director, UN Women for International Women’s Day-

“… The feminist movement must continue to increase the diversity and the number of people working on gender equality, bringing in individuals and groups—such as men and boys, young people and faith-based organizations—to support and shape the agenda, so young men and boys learn to value and respect women and girls and so men can change the way they behave. Today’s activism needs to alter the way we listen to women and the way we look at them, recognizing the power of stereotypes to influence how we value people. A movement of women that can address these issues is critical, but we also need a movement of male feminists…”

So make a difference, even the smallest contribution matters.
Make everyday International Women’s Day.
Do your part to make sure that the future for all is bright, equal, safe and rewarding.

[i] https://womenwatch.unwomen.org/international-womens-day-history

[ii] http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/international-womens-day

[iii] https://kailashafoundation.org/2017/11/25/international-day-elimination-violence-against-women/

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image source – internet

The United Nations’ Website has a dedicated page for the event and the Current theme (Since 1914) is named Orange the World.

image source: UN Website

The historical details of the day can be read from Wikipedia, whereas the present details can be precisely found on the UN Website itself.

image source: the internet

 The change is visible. It can be seen that we are not in the era when women were synonyms of the oppressed and the world is moving ahead. We should appreciate the change and contribute positively towards it.

The post International day for the Elimination of Violence against Women appeared first on Kailasha Foundation.

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The daily GK course quiz 173 is brought to you by Kailasha Foundation- Fun & Learn Portal to help you boost yourself for all kinds of competitive exams with our specially tailored general knowledge content from national, international, history, polity, economy, science and all kind of sections. With daily Gk course 173, we have delivered 1730 GK questions to you in an interactive environment.

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