(Use Full screen and other buttons for better view. Buttons are given just at the bottom of the book application. If viewing on mobile, you are advised to rotate your screen in landscape mode. Google Chrome Browser is recommended. If eventually you are unable to read the book after trying everything, you can try downloading the same. Or contact us at: admin@kailashafoundation.org)

Please wait for the book to load. The book will load here:

.

.

.

.

Don’t forget to give some feedback about The Power Of Wings via e-mail/Facebook/Twitter/LinkedIn/Instagram/YouTube/Google+. Thank you for being a part of the event. You have made it successful. It is you who make us what we are. If you want the pdf copy to be personally mailed to you, please write at: submissions@kailashafoundation.org
To feature your content in our next issue which is releasing on 15th April, send your original, unpublished entries to the aforementioned e-mail id.

Kailasha Foundation – Bringing Solutions To You

Follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn for regular updates.

<<<CLICK HERE TO ASK ANY DOUBTS>>>

To ask doubts directly on website rather than any social portal, register here:

Login/SignUp

To take admission into any of our courses, use the link below:

Admissions 2019

The post The Power Of Wings – First Issue | Quarterly eMagazine appeared first on Kailasha Foundation.

STATISTICS : PRESENTATION OF DATA

Data can be presented in three ways:

1. Textual presentation
2. Tabular presentation
3. Diagrammatic presentation

1. Textual Mode of presentation is layman’s method of presentation of data. Anyone can prepare, anyone can understand. No specific skill(s) is/are required.

2. Tabular Mode of presentation is the most accurate mode of presentation of data. It requires a lot of skill to prepare, and some skill(s) to understand. Table facilitates comparison.

But, Table should be good enough as per some points of view:

• 1. Appealing
• 2. Well-balanced
• 3. Compulsory Title and Table Number
• 4. Title should be self-explanatory
• 5. Units must be properly mentioned
• 6. Comparison should be easy
• 7. Sources and footnotes (if any) must be mentioned at the bottom

Below is a sample of how a table should look like:

3. Diagrammatic Mode of Presentation:

A. Non-Frequency Diagrams: Non-frequency diagrams correspond to the data which are NOT frequency data. 
(a) Bar Diagrams
(b) Line Diagrams (Historiagram)
(c) Pie Diagram or Pie Chart

B. Frequency Diagrams: Frequency Data are presented. Mostly class-intervals are presented via this mode. Three most common frequency diagrams are:
(a) Histogram
(b) Frequency Polygon
(c) Ogives: (i) Less than type Ogives (ii) More than type Ogives

Notes:

• 1. Bar Diagram and Line Diagram are inter-convertible
• 2. Bar Diagram and Line Diagram can both be of simple and multiple types
• 3. Multiple bar diagram or Multiple Line diagram is used when two related series (in same unit) are to be compared
• 4. Multiple axis bar diagram or Multiple axis Line diagram is used when units in the two series are different

Frequency, when continuously added from lower to higher, is called "less than cumulative frequency" and when continuously added from higher to lower, is called "more than cumulative frequency". 

A particular frequency, divided by total is called relative frequency.

Frequency divided by class size is called Frequency Density.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRESENTATION OF DATA:

Bar Diagrams:

source-internet

source-internet

Line Diagram:

source-internet

Pie Chart:

source-internet

Histogram:

source-internet

Multiple Bar Diagram:

source-internet

Frequency Polygon:

source-internet

Ogives:

source-internet

FREQUENCY CURVE:

A smooth join of all vertices of a frequency polygon. This is broadly divided into four shapes:

(i) Bell Shaped (Most Common Shape)
(ii) U-Shaped
(iii) J – Shaped: Simple J – shaped & Inverted J – Shaped
(iv) Mixed Curve (Second Most Common Shape)

GLOSSARY:

• 1. CENSUS: The collection of data from every element in a population or universe or arena of statistical enquiry.
• 2. SAMPLE: The collection of data from subgroup or subset of the population.
• 3. FREQUENCY: The number of times a certain value or class of values occurs.
• 4. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY: The running total of the frequencies at each class interval level.
• 5. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION: The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies.
• 6. CLASS LIMITS: The originally assigned extreme values of classes are called class limits, viz. Lower class limit and upper class limit.
• 7. CLASS WIDTH: The difference between the upper and lower boundaries (NOT limits) of any class.
• 8. CLASS BOUNDARY: After making the distribution continuous, the upper class boundary of a class becomes equal to the lower class boundary of the next class.
• 9. CLASS MARK: The mid-point of any class is called the class mark.

VIDEO DESCRIPTIONS:

HINDI EXPLANATION:

ENGLISH EXPLANATION:

Thanks for learning at Kailasha Foundation – Fun & Learn Portal.

Share this course with friends. Follow us on Facebook, twitter to stay updated.

The post TEXTUAL, TABULAR & DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF DATA appeared first on Kailasha Foundation.

Census and Sampling Techniques of Collection of Data

There are two important techniques of Data collection, (i) Census inquiry implies complete enumeration of each unit of the universe, (ii) In a sample survey, only a small part of the group, is considered, which is taken as representative. For example, the population census in India implies the counting of each and every human being within the country.
In practice sometimes it is not possible to examine every item in the population. Also many a time it is possible to obtain sufficiently accurate results by studying only a part of the “population”. For example, if the marks obtained in statistics by 10 students in an examination are selected at random, say out of 100, then the average marks obtained by 10 students will be reasonably representative of the average marks obtained by all the 100 students. In such a case, the populations will be the marks of the entire group of 100 students and that of 10 students will be a sample.

Objects of Sampling

1. To get as much information as possible of the whole universe by examining only a part of it.

2. To determine the reliability of the estimates. This can be done by drawing successive samples from some parent universe and comparing the results obtained from different samples.

Advantages of Census Method

1. As the entire ‘population’ is studied, the result obtained is most correct.

2. In a census, information is available for each individual item of the population which is not possible in the case of a sample. Thus no information is sacrificed under the census method.

3. If data are to be secured only from a small fraction of the aggregate, their completeness and accuracy can be ensured only by the census method, since greater attention thereby is given to each item.

4. The census mass of data being taken into consideration all the characteristics of the ‘population’ is maintained in the original.

Disadvantages of Census Method

1. The cost of conducting an inquiry by the census method is very high as the whole universe is to be investigated.
2. The census method is not practicable in very big inquiries due to the inconvenience of individual enumeration.
3. In the cases of very big inquiries, the census method can be resorted to by the government agencies only. The application of this method is limited to those who are having adequate financial resources and other facilities at their disposal.
4. As all the items in the universe are to be enumerated, there is a need for training of staff and investigators. Sometimes it becomes very difficult to maintain uniformity of standards when many investigators are involved. Individual preferences and prejudices are there and it becomes very difficult to avoid bias in such type of inquiries.

Advantages of Sampling Method

1. Sample method is less costly since the sample is a small fraction of the total population.
2. Data can be collected and summarized more quickly. This is a vital consideration when the information is urgently needed.
3. A sample produces more accurate results than are ordinarily practicable on a complete enumeration.
4. Personnel of high quality can be employed and given intensive training as the number of much personnel would not be very large.
5. A sample method is not restricted to the Government agencies. Even private agencies can use this method as the financial burden is not heavy. It is much more economical than the census method.

Disadvantages of Sampling Method

1. In a census, information is available for each individual item of the population which is not possible in the case of a sample. Some information has to be sacrificed.

2. If data are to be secured only from a small fraction of the aggregate, their completeness and accuracy can be ensured only through the census method, since greater attention thereby is given to each item.
3. In using the technique of sampling, the investigator may not choose a representative sample. The aim of sampling is that it should afford a sufficiently accurate picture of a large group without the need for a complete enumeration of all the units of the group. If the sample chosen is not representative of the group, the very object of sampling is defeated.
4. The sampling technique is based upon the fundamental assumption that the population to be sampled is homogenous. It is not so, the sampling method should not be adopted unless the population is first divided into groups or “strata” before the selection of the sample is made.

Principle of sampling

There are two important principles on which the theory of sampling is based ;
1. Principle of Statistical Regularity, and
2. Principle of ‘Intertia of Large Numbers’

1. Principle of Statistical Regularity
This principle points out that if a sample is taken at random from a population. It is likely to possess almost the same characteristics as that of the population. By random selection, we mean a selection where each and every item of the population has an equal chance of being selected in the sample. In other words, the selection must not be made by the deliberate exercise of one’s discretion. A sample selected in this manner would be representative of the population. For example, if one intends to make a study of the average weight of the students of Delhi University, it is not necessary to take the weight of each and every student. A few students may be selected at random from every college, their weights taken and the average weight of the University students, in general, may be inferred.

2. Principle of Intertia of Large Numbers
This principle is a corollary of the principle of statistical regularity. This principle is that other things being equal, larger the size of the sample, more accurate the results are likely to be. This is because large numbers are more stable as compared to small ones. For example, if a coin is tossed 10 time we should expect an equal number of heads and tails, i.e., 5 each. But since the experiment is tried a small number of items it is likely that we may not get exactly 5 heads and 5 tails. The result may be a combination of 9 heads and 1 tail or 8 heads and 2 tails or 7 heads and 3 tails etc. If the same experiment is carried out 1,000 times the chance of getting 500 heads and 500 tails would be very higher. The basic reason for such likelihood is that the experiment has been carried out a sufficiently large number of time and possibility of variations in one direction compensates for others.

Method of Sampling

The various methods available for sampling are :

(i) Conscious or Deliberate or Purposive Sampling.

(ii) Random Sampling or Chance Selection.

(iii) Stratified Sampling.

(iv) Systematic Sampling.

(v) Multi-stage Sampling.

(i) Purposive Sampling
Purposive sampling is representative sampling by analyzing carefully the universe inquiry and selecting only those which seem to be most representatives of the characteristics of the universe. If economic conditions of people living in a state are to be studied according to this method, then a few villages and towns may be purposively selected so that intensive study on the principle that they shall be representative of the entire state.
Thus the purposive sampling is a purposive selection by the investigator that depends on the nature and purpose of the inquiry. This method is very much exposed to the dangers of personal prejudices. Also, there is a possibility of certain wrong cases being included in the data under collection, consciously or unconsciously.
However, it may be noted that this method gives a very representative sample data provided neither bias nor prejudices influence the process of data selection.
(ii) Random Sampling
In order to avoid the danger of personal bias and prejudices, a random sample is adopted. Under this method, every item in the universe is given an equal chance of being included in the sample. A random sample is the simplest type of sample. For obtaining such a sample, a certain number of units are selected at random from the universe. But this sampling technique is based upon the fundamental assumption
that the population to be swapped is homogenous. If it is not so, then the stratified sampling is adopted.
(iii) Stratified Sampling
Under this method, the population is first sub-divided into groups or “strata” before the selection of the samples is made. This is done to achieve homogeneity within each group or “stratum”. A stratified sample is nothing but a set of random samples of a number of subpopulations, each representing a single group. The major advantage of such a stratification is that the several sub-divisions of the population which are relevant for purpose of inquiry are adequately represented.
(iv) Systematic Sampling
This method is used where a complete list of the population from which sample is to be drawn is available. The method is to select every rth item*, from the list where ‘r’ refers to the sampling interval. The first item between the first and the rth is selected as random. For example, if a list of 500 students of a college is available and if we want to draw a sample of 100, we must select every fifth item (i.e., r = 5). The first item between one and five shall be selected at random. Suppose it comes out to be 4. Now we shall add five and obtain numbers of the desired sample. Thus the second item would be the 9th students; the third 14th students; the fourth 19 students; and so on.

Sampling interval or r = size of the universe
                                              size of the sample

This method is more convenient to adopt than the random sampling or stratified sampling method. The time and work involved are relatively smaller. But the main drawback of this method is that systematic samples are not always random samples.
(v) Multi-Stage Sampling
As the name implies this method refers to a sampling procedure which is carried out in several stages. At the first stage, the first stage units are sampled by some statistical method, such as random sampling. Then a sample of second stage units is selected from each of the selected first units. Further stages may be added as required.
This method introduces flexibility in the sampling method which is lacking in the other methods. However, a multi-stage sample is less accurate than sample containing the same numbers of final stage units which have been selected by some suitable single stage process.

Kailasha Foundation – Bringing Solutions To You

Follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn for regular updates.

<<<CLICK HERE TO ASK ANY DOUBTS>>>

The post Statistics – Sampling Techniques appeared first on Kailasha Foundation.

Collection of data

For studying a problem statistically, first of all, the data relevant thereto must be collected. The numerical facts constitute the raw material of the statistical process. The interpretation of the ultimate conclusion and the decisions depend upon the accuracy with which the data are collected. Unless the data are collected with sufficient care and are as accurate as is necessary for the purposes of the inquiry, the result obtained cannot be expected to be valid or reliable.
Before starting the collection of the data, it is necessary to know the sources from which the data are to be collected.

Primary and Secondary Sources

The original compiler of the data is the primary source. For example, the office of the Registrar General will be the primary source of the decennial population census figures.
A secondary source is the one that furnishes the data that were originally compiled by someone else.
If the population census figures issued by the office of the Registrar-General are published in the Indian year Book, this publication will be the secondary source of the population data.
The source of data also are classified according to the character of the data yielded by them. Thus the data which are gathered from the primary source is known as primary data and the one gathered from the secondary source is known as secondary data. When an investigator is making use of figures which he has obtained by field enumeration, he is said to be using primary data and when he is making use of figures which he has obtained from some other source, he is said to be using secondary data.

The choice between Primary and Secondary Data

An investigator has to decide whether he will collect fresh (primary) data or he will compile data from the published sources. The former is reliable per se but the latter can be relied upon only by examining the following factors :—
(i) source from which they have been obtained;
(ii) their true significance;
(iii) completeness and
(iv) method of collection

In addition to the above factors, there are other factors to be considered while making choice between the primary or secondary data :
(i) Nature and scope of enquiry.
(ii) Availability of time and money.
(iii) Degree of accuracy required and
(iv) The status of the investigator i.e., individual, Pvt. Co., Govt. etc.
However, it may be pointed out that in certain investigations both primary and secondary data may have to be used, one may be supplement to the other.

Methods of Collection of Primary Data

The primary methods of collection of statistical information are the following :
1. Direct Personal Observation,
2. Indirect Personal Observation,
3. Schedules to be filled in by informants
4. Information from Correspondents, and
5. Questionnaires in charge of enumerators
The particular method that is decided to be adopted would depend upon the nature and availability of time, money and other facilities available to the investigation.

1. Direct Personal Observation
According to this method, the investigator obtains the data by personal observation. The method is adopted when the field of inquiry is small. Since the investigator is closely connected with the collection of data, it is bound to be more accurate. Thus, for example, if an inquiry is to be conducted into the family budgets and giving conditions of industrial labour, the investigation himself live in the industrial area as one of the industrial workers, mix with other residents and make patience and careful personal observation regarding how they spend, work and live.

 2. Indirect Personal Observation
According to this method, the investigator interviews several persons who are either directly or indirectly in possession of the information sought to be collected. It may be distinguished form the first method in which information is collected directly from the persons who are involved in the inquiry. In the case of indirect personal observation, the persons from whom the information is being collected are known as witnesses or informants. However it should be ascertained that the informants really passes the knowledge and they are not prejudiced in favour of or against a particular view point. This method is adopted in the following situations :
1. Where the information to be collected is of a complete nature.
2. When investigation has to be made over a wide area.
3. Where the persons involved in the inquiry would be reluctant to part with the information.
This method is generally adopted by enquiry committee or commissions appointed by government.
3. Schedules to be filled in by the informants
Under this method properly drawn up schedules or blank forms are distributed among the persons from whom the necessary figure are to be obtained. The informants would fill in the forms and return them to the officer incharge of investigation. The Government of India issued slips for the special enumeration of scientific and technical personnel at the time of census. These slips are good examples of schedules to be filled in by the informants.
The merit of this method is its simplicity and lesser degree of trouble and pain for the investigator. Its greatest drawback is that the informants may not send back the schedules duly filled in.
4. Information from Correspondents
Under this method certain correspondent are appointed in different parts of the field of enquiry, who submit their reports to the Central Office in their own manner. For example, estimates of agricultural wages may be periodically furnished to the Government by village school teachers.
The local correspondents being on the spot of the enquiry are capable of giving reliable information.
But it is not always advisable to place much reliance on correspondents, who have often got their own personal prejudices. However, by this method, a rough and approximate estimate is obtained at a very low cost. This method is also adopted by various departments of the government in such cases where regular information is to be collected from a wide area.

Questionnaire in charge of Enumerations
A questionnaire is a list of questions directly or indirectly connected with the work of the enquiry. The answers to these questions would provide all the information sought. The questionnaire is put in the charge of trained investigators whose duty is to go to all persons or selected persons connected with the enquiry. This method is usually adopted in case of large inquiries. The method of collecting data is relatively cheap. Also the information obtained is that of good quality.
The main drawback of this method is that the enumerator (i.e., investigator in charge of the questionnaire) may be a biased one and may not enter the answer given by the information. Where there are many enumerators, they may interpret various terms in questionnaire according to their whims. To that extent the information supplied may be either inaccurate or inadequate or not comparable. This drawback can be removed to a great extent by training the investigators before the enquiry begins. The meaning of different questions may be explained to them so that they do not interpret them according to their whims.

Drafting the Questionnaire
The success of questionnaire method of collecting information depends on the proper drafting of the questionnaire. It is a highly specialized job and requires great deal of skill and experience. However, the following general principle may be helpful in framing a questionnaire :
1. The number of the questions should be kept to the minimum fifteen to twenty five may be a fair number.
2. The questions must be arranged in a logical order so that a natural and spontaneous reply to each is induced.
3. The questions should be short, simple and easy to understand and they should convey one meaning.
4. As far as possible, quotation of a personal and pecuniary nature should not be asked.
5. As far as possible the questions should be such that they can be answered briefly in ‘Yes’ or ‘No’, or in terms of numbers, place, date, etc.
6. The questionnaire should provide necessary instructions to the Informants. For instance, if there is a question on weight. It should be specified as to whether weight is to be indicated in lbs or kilograms.
7. Questions should be objective type and capable of tabulation.

Specimen Questionnaire
We are giving below a specimen questionnaire of Expenditure Habits or Students residing in college Hostels.

Name of Student ……………………………………..
Class ……………………………………..
State and District of origin …………………………
Age …………………………

1. How much amount do you get from your father/guardian p.m.?
2. Do you get some scholarship? If so, state the amount per month.
3. Is there any other source from which you get money regularly? (e.g. mother, brother or uncle).
4. How much do you spend monthly on the following items :

                                                       Rs.
College Tuition Fee                             ………
Hostel Food Expenses                      ……..
Other hostel fees                            ……..
Clothing                                         ……..
Entertainment                                 ……..
Smoking                                         ……..
Miscellaneous                                  ……..
Total  ……..

5. Do you smoke?
If so what is the daily expenditure on it?
6. Any other item on which you spend money?

Sources of Secondary Data

There are a number of sources from which secondary data may be obtained. They may be classified as follow. :
1. Published sources, and
2. Unpublished sources.

1. Published Sources

The various sources of published data are :
1. Reports and official publications of-
(a) International bodies such as the International Monetary Fund, International Finance Corporation, and United Nations Organisation.
(b) Central and State Governments- such as the Report of the Patel Committee, etc.
2. Semi Official Publication. Various local bodies such as Municipal Corporation, and Districts Boards.
3. Private Publication of—
(a) Trade and professional bodies such as the Federation of India, Chamber of Commerce and Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.
(b) Financial and Economic Journals such as “Commerce”, ‘Capital’ etc.
(c) Annual Reports of Joint Stock Companies.
(d) Publication brought out by research agendas, research scholars, etc.

2. Unpublished Sources

There are various sources of unpublished data such as records maintained by various government and private offices, studies made by research institutions, scholars, etc., such source can also be used where necessary.

Kailasha Foundation – Bringing Solutions To You

Follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn for regular updates.

<<<CLICK HERE TO ASK ANY DOUBTS>>>

The post Statistics – Collection of Data appeared first on Kailasha Foundation.

The term “statistics” is used in two senses: first in plural sense meaning a collection of numerical facts or estimates—the figure themselves. It is in this sense that the public usually think of statistics, e.g., figures relating to population, profits of different units in an industry etc.                                                                                                     Secondly, as a singular noun, the term‘statistics’ denotes the various methods adopted for the collection, analysis and interpretation of the facts numerically represented. In the singular sense, the term ‘statistics’ is better described as statistical methods. In our study of the subject, we shall be more concerned with the second meaning of the word ‘statistics’.

Definition

Statistics has been defined differently by different authors and each author has assigned new limits to the field which should be included in its scope. We can do no better than give selected definitions of statistics by some authors and then come to the conclusion about the scope of the subject.

A.L. Bowley defines, “Statistics may be called the science of counting”. At another place he defines, “Statistics may be called the science of averages”. Both these definitions are narrow and throw light only on one aspect of Statistics.
According to King, “The science of statistics is the method of judging collective, natural or social, the phenomenon from the results obtained from the analysis or enumeration or collection of estimates”.

Many a time counting is not possible and estimates are required to be made. Therefore, Boddington defines it as “the science of estimates and probabilities”. But this definition also does not cover the entire scope of statistics. The statistical methods are methods for the collection, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data and form a basis for the analysis and comparison of the observed phenomena.

In the words of Croxton &Cowden, “Statistics may be defined as the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data”.

Horace Secrist has given an exhaustive definition of the term statistics in the plural sense. According to him:

“By statistics, we mean aggregates of facts affected to a marked extent by a multiplicity of causes numerically expressed, enumerated or estimated according to reasonable standards of accuracy collected in a systematic manner for a pre-determined purpose and placed in relation to each other”.

This definition makes it quite clear that as numerical statement of facts, ‘statistic’ should possess the following characteristics:

1. Statistics are aggregate of facts
A single age of 20 or 30 years is not statistics, a series of ages are. Similarly, a single figure relating to production, sales, birth, death etc., would not be statistics although aggregates of such figures would be statistics because of their comparability and relationship.

2. Statistics are affected to a marked extent by a multiplicity of causes
A number of causes affect statistics in a particular field of inquiry, e.g., in production statistics are affected by climate, soil, fertility, availability of raw materials and methods of quick transport.

3. Statistics are numerically expressed, enumerated or estimated
The subject of statistics is concerned essentially with facts expressed in numerical form—with their quantitative details but not qualitative descriptions. Therefore, facts indicated by terms such as ‘good’, ‘poor’ are not statistics unless a numerical equivalent is assigned to each expression. Also, this may either be enumerated or estimated, where actual enumeration is either not possible or is very difficult.
4. Statistics are numerated or estimated according to reasonable standard of accuracy
Personal bias and prejudices of the enumeration should not enter into the counting or estimation of figures, otherwise, conclusions from the figures would not be accurate. The figures should be counted or estimated according to reasonable standards of accuracy. Absolute accuracy is neither necessary nor sometimes possible in social sciences. But whatever standard of accuracy is once adopted, should be used throughout the process of collection or estimation.
5. Statistics should be collected in a systematic manner for a predetermined purpose
The statistical methods to be applied for the purpose of inquiry since figures are always collected with some purpose. If there is no predetermined purpose, all the efforts in collecting the figures may prove to be wasteful. The purpose of a series of ages of husbands and wives may be to find whether young husbands have young wives and the old husbands have old wives.
6. Statistics should be capable of being placed in relation to each other
The collected figure should be comparable and well-connected in the same department of inquiry. Ages of husbands are to be compared only with the corresponding ages of wives, and not with, say, heights of trees.

Functions of Statistics

The functions of statistics may be enumerated as follows :
(i) To present facts in a definite form: Without a statistical study our ideas are likely to be vague, indefinite and hazy, but figures help as to represent things in their true perspective. For example, the statement that some students out of 1,400 who had appeared, for a certain examination, were declared successful would not give as much information as the one that 300 students out of 400 who took the examination were declared successful.
(ii) To simplify unwieldy and complex data: It is not easy to treat large numbers and hence they are simplified either by taking a few figures to serve as a representative sample or by taking average to give a bird’s eye view of the large masses. For example, complex data may be simplified by presenting them in the form of a table, graph or diagram, or representing it through an average etc.
(iii) To use it as a technique for making comparisons: The significance of certain figures can be better appreciated when they are compared with others of the same type. The comparison between two different groups is best represented by certain statistical methods, such as average, coefficients, rates, ratios, etc.

(iv) To enlarge individual experience: An individual’s knowledge is limited to what he can observe and see; and that is a very small part of the social organism. His knowledge is extended n various ways by studying certain conclusions and results, the basis of which are numerical investigations. For example, we all have a general impression that the cost of living has increased.
But to know to what extent the increase has occurred, and how far the rise in prices has affected different income groups, it would be necessary to ascertain the rise in prices of articles consumed by them.
(v) To provide guidance in the formulation of policies: The purpose of statistics is to enable correct decisions, whether they are taken by a businessman or Government. In fact, statistics is a great servant of business in management, governance and development. Sampling methods are employed in the industry in tacking the problem of standardization of products. Big business houses maintain a separate department for statistical intelligence, the work of which is to collect, compare and coordinate figures for formulating future policies of the firm regarding production and sales.
(vi) To enable measurement of the magnitude of a phenomenon: But for the development of the statistical science, it would not be possible to estimate the population of a country or to know the quantity of wheat, rice and other agricultural commodities produced in the country during any year.
Importance of Statistics
These days statistical methods are applicable everywhere. There is no field of work in which statistical methods are not applied. According to A L. Bowley, ‘A knowledge of statistics is like a knowledge of foreign languages or of Algebra, it may prove of use at any time under any circumstances”. The importance of the statistical science is increasing in almost all spheres of knowledge, e g., astronomy, biology, meteorology, demography, economics, and mathematics. Economic planning without statistics is bound to be baseless.
Statistics serve in the administration, and facilitate the work of formulation of new policies. Financial institutions and investors utilize statistical data to summaries the past experience. Statistics are also helpful to an auditor when he uses sampling techniques or test checking to audit the accounts of his client.

Limitations of Statistics

The scope of the science of statistic is restricted by certain limitations :
1. The use of statistics is limited to numerical studies: Statistical methods cannot be applied to study the nature of all type of phenomena. Statistics deal with only such phenomena as are capable of being quantitatively measured and numerically expressed. For, example, the health, poverty, and intelligence of a group of individuals cannot be quantitatively measured, and thus are not suitable subjects for statistical study.
2. Statistical methods deal with population or aggregate of individuals rather than with individuals. When we say that the average height of an Indian is 1 meter 80 centimeters, it shows the height, not of an individual but as found by the study of all individuals.
3. Statistical relies on estimates and approximations: Statistical laws are not exact laws like mathematical or chemical laws. They are derived by taking a majority of cases and are not true for every individual. Thus the statistical inferences are uncertain.

4. Statistical results might lead to fallacious conclusions by deliberate manipulation of figures and unscientific handling. This is so because statistical results are represented by figures, which are liable to be manipulated. Also, the data placed in the hands of an expert may lead to fallacious results. The figures may be stated without their context or may be applied to a fact other than the one to which they really relate. An interesting example is a survey made some years ago which reported that 33% of all the girl students at John Hopkins University had married University teachers. Whereas the University had only three girls student at that time and one of them married to a teacher.

Distrust of Statistics

Due to limitations of statistics, an attitude of distrust towards it has been developed. There are some people who place statistics in the category of lying and maintain that, “there are three degrees of comparison in lying-lies, dammed lies and statistics”. But this attitude is not correct. The person who is handling statistics may be a liar or inexperienced. But that would be the fault not of statistics but of the person handling them.
The person using statistics should not take them at their face value. He should check the result from an independent source. Also, only experts should handle the statistics otherwise they may be misused. It may be noted that the distrust of statistics is due more to the insufficiency of knowledge regarding the nature, limitations, and uses of statistics than to any fundamental inadequacy in the science of statistics. Medicines are meant for curing people, but if they are unscientifically handled by quacks, they may prove fatal to the patient. In both the cases, the medicine is the same; but its usefulness or harmfulness depends upon the man who handles it.
We cannot blame medicine for such a result. Similarly, if a child cuts his finger with a sharp knife, it is not a knife that is to be blamed, but the person who kept the knife at a place that the child could reach it. These examples help us in emphasizing that if statistical facts are misused by some people it would be wrong to blame the statistics as such. It is the people who are to be blamed. In fact, statistics are like clay which can be molded in any way.

Kailasha Foundation – Bringing Solutions To You

Follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn for regular updates.

<<<CLICK HERE TO ASK ANY DOUBTS>>>

The post NATURE, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS appeared first on Kailasha Foundation.

1. लोग स्वतंत्रता दिवस की बधाइयों के बीच एक गलती करते पाए जा रहे हैं: “आज़ादी के बहत्तर साल” – नहीं, बहत्तर नहीं इकहत्तर साल हुए हैं और एक वो दिन – वो 15 अगस्त, 1947 का दिन जब भारत अंग्रेजों की दासता से आज़ाद हुआ था, उसे खुद ही पहला स्वाधीनता दिवस गिना जाता है और उसके बाद उसकी कुल 71 सालगिरह आई हैं इस प्रकार, साल 71 हुए हैं लेकिन यह 72वाँ स्वाधीनता दिवस है
2. भारत एक लोकतांत्रिक गणराज्य है जिसमें राजा और प्रजा की व्यवस्था नहीं होती, अपितु सेवक और जनता की व्यवस्था है। हमें गर्व है कि हम उस देश के वासी हैं जिसका प्रधानमन्त्री स्वयं को जनता का प्रधान सेवक कहता है
3. अंग्रेजों की करीब 100 वर्षों की दासता झेलने के बाद, अंग्रेजों की ही सेना में रोज़गार के लिए भर्ती भारतीय सैनिकों में से एक “मंगल पांडे” जो बैरकपुर छावनी में थे, उनको 1857 में विद्रोह करने के कारण जाना जाता है जिससे स्वाधीनता संग्राम की शुरुआत हुयी, और उस स्वाधीनता संग्राम का परिणाम आने में 90 साल लग गए
4. भारत के स्वाधीनता दिवस और गणतंत्र दिवस को कुछ लोग एक ही समझ लेते हैं लेकिन यह बिलकुल अलग है, 15 अगस्त, 1947 को अंग्रेजों ने भारत छोड़ा था; 26 नवम्बर, 1949 को हमारे संविधान को अंगीकृत किया गया था तथा 26 जनवरी, 1950 को भारत गणतंत्र घोषित हुआ था 
5. स्वाधीनता संग्राम के 90 वर्षों में, और उससे पहले भी भारत के असंख्य योद्धाओं ने अपने प्राणों की आहुति दी और वे लड़ते हुए मर गए ताकि आज हम ये आज़ादी का जश्न मना सकें। आज का दिन उन्हीं योद्धाओं को समर्पित होना चाहिए 
6. भारत आज़ादी के साथ ही विभाजित भी हुआ था और वर्तमान रूप में, पाकिस्तान, बांग्लादेश के अलग होने के बाद, सीमा विवाद, चीन की घुसपैठ इत्यादि को ध्यान में रखते हुए, वैश्विक मान्य आंकड़ों के अनुसार भारत का वर्तमान कुल क्षेत्रफल करीब 32 लाख, 87 हज़ार वर्ग किलोमीटर है और क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से भारत विश्व का सातवाँ सबसे बड़ा देश है
7. कुछ लोगों के अनुसार “क्या हम सचमुच आज़ाद हैं” जैसे एजेंडे ऐसे दिनों पर उठाना फैशन हो गया है और कुछ वैसे भी हैं जिनके लिए आज के दिन का अर्थ सिर्फ जलेबी खाना, छुट्टी मनाना और सो जाना है। लेकिन बात दोनों के बीच की है। आज का दिन गर्व का दिन है; हाँ भारत में आतंरिक रूप से भ्रष्टाचार, बेरोजगारी और जाने कितनी ही आतंरिक समस्याएं हैं और उनपर वर्ष भर चर्चा होनी चाहिए, न कि आज। आज के दिन नई पीढ़ी को बताना चाहिए कि पूर्वजों ने उनके लिए क्या किया है और उनको गौरवान्वित महसूस कराना चाहिए
8. भारत का राष्ट्रीय ध्वज, बहुत सारे रूपों से होकर इस रूप तक पहुँचा है और यह भारत की एकता, अक्षुण्णता का प्रतीक है। राष्ट्र ध्वज और राष्ट्रगान के प्रति हमारे मन में स्वाभाविक सम्मान होना चाहिए जिसमें किसी भी जोर जबरदस्ती का भाव नहीं होना चाहिए 
9. भारत में एक राजभाषा अधिनियम भी है। इस नियम को सही रूप से लागू किया गया होता और सब कुछ ठीक चल रहा होता तो आज भारत में हर आधिकारिक काम के लिए लिखित दस्तावेज/कागजात हिंदी भाषा में ही होते लेकिन इसमें जागरूकता का अभाव रह जाने से आज भी एक बड़ा प्रतिशत वर्ग अंग्रेजी के प्रयोग में ही शान समझता है। आपको ज्ञात हो, कि केंद्र सरकार समय-समय पर हिंदी से सम्बंधित कार्यक्रम करवाती है और पुरस्कार भी देती है। अंग्रेजी आज भी दासता का अनुभव कराती है। इससे निकलने के प्रयास जारी रहने चाहिए
10. इस लेख का कवर चित्र भारत के संसद भवन का है, जो भारत की एक महत्त्वपूर्ण धरोहर है, और जहाँ बैठकर जनता के चुने हुए सेवक/प्रतिनिधि जनता के लिए फैसले लेते हैं। यह चित्र गूगल इमेजेस से सधन्यवाद लिया गया है

तो इस स्वाधीनता दिवस पर भारत के बारे में इन तथ्यों की जानकारी के साथ ही, आइये हम संकल्प लें कि हम भी यथासंभव हिंदी के प्रयोग पर जोर देंगे। 

“देश हमें देता है सब कुछ, 
हम भी तो कुछ देना सीखें”

The post भारत का बहत्तरवाँ स्वाधीनता दिवस appeared first on Kailasha Foundation.

.

VEDIC MATHS:

VEDIC MATHS 1^ST LECTURE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cb9XvGmoSfw

VEDIC MATHS 2^ND LECTURE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjod0yNxOGY

VEDIC MATHS 3^RD LECTURE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4-R3mXXYZ0

VEDIC MATHS 4^TH LECTURE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26kbpFmxK_s

.

GEOMETRY SERIES:

1ST: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMNdJavzh8M

2ND: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TW264DQC_yo

3RD: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbwzxobXX3o

4TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dslp1dziEww

5TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Am8xbqW9Eko

6TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2gfsw-l01g

7TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkLBJDDK3yc

8TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odmciImmVag

9TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWJlMvcOlFw

10TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VU5aEgrP3RA

11TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glFdajKnh6g

EXTRAS – 1ST: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtyMHiTYWyo

EXTRAS – 2ND: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oP1Ekeovivw

EXTRAS – 3RD: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQpG9JviKio

EXTRAS – 4TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2eQ7_w7SgQ

EXTRAS – 5TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IOgYEZ9psQ

.

ALGEBRA SERIES:

1ST: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xn_yLIENEmk

2ND: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=atIDotuYFVs

3RD: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPp-0eru5ik

4TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MY_EcSEm6iA

5TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7JCJICz3pA

6TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=796ZUtl2Nws

7TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j64L1orCMRU

8TH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDyYo_wNNRY

.

HOW TO ATTEMPT QUANT SECTION (MOCK ATTEMPT 1):

PART 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsArp5giwms

PART 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XsjmEIc4K5o

.

EXTRA LECTURES:

THE BEAUTY OF MATHEMATICS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gz_HTk0o7Qk

.

NUMBER SYSTEM:

NUMBER SYSTEM NEW – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TlU0ePOrVU

NUMBER SYSTEM NEW – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fl5A68u-66Y

NUMBERS NEW – BASE SYSTEM 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZdlSxsUGjo

NUMBERS NEW – BASE SYSTEM 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItHKZYPcSVg

NUMBER SYSTEM NEW – 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?=achvh_nJz9Q

NUMBER SYSTEM NEW – 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJk1uq17AEs

NUMBER SYSTEM NEW – 6 (MIX): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnpRdzFN0uQ

NUMBER SYSTEM NEW – 7 (REMAINDERS): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcSbrryOt-Q

NUMBER SYSTEM NEW – 8: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIcE8MKaKoU

NUMBER SYSTEM – DIVISIBILITY RULES (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PK_BpJM0Nz4

FACTORS AND MULTIPLES (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLVcInrVKhg

FACTORS AND PRIME NUMBERS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzYVn6qlZZ8

NUMBER SYSTEM – UNIT DIGIT PROBLEMS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XY0Z-BAOYUg

NUMBER SYSTEM – REMAINDER AND LAST 2 DIGITS (OLD VIDEO 1): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4KbUPjHrsQ

NUMBER SYSTEM – REMAINDER AND LAST 2 DIGITS (OLD VIDEO 2): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zj5RnGiyJZA

NUMBER SYSTEM – REMAINDER AND LAST 2 DIGITS (OLD VIDEO 3): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjFwNw4pF4A

NUMBER SYSTEM – REMAINDER AND LAST 2 DIGITS (OLD VIDEO 4): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ds4QNPiHkLA

.

SIMPLIFICATION: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mVGNtc4GGA

.

TYPICAL PROBLEM OF SQUARES – 1 (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vb3csDNCt38

.

RATIO, PROPORTION, INDICES & LOGARITHMS:

RATIO NEW – 1 (ENGLISH): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDtsCZ_dr4w

RATIO NEW – 2 (HINDI): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUfw4GRKFTs

TYPICAL PROBLEM OF RATIO – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MshQqUod2tQ

RATIO & PROPORTIONS PROBLEMS 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASqGImvN0MQ

RATIO & PROPORTIONS PROBLEMS 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n68yGXVXKFE

LOGARITHMS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z17N3wUnk-A

LOGARITHMS LATEST LIVE CLASS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bonokZoymu4

INDICES AND LOG: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pJEiqBc9NU

LOG PROBLEM SOLVING: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ya9e4WLeX2s

.

ARITHMETIC:

PERCENTAGE (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kChOoapt7mo

.

MIXTURES AND ALLIGATIONS COMPLETE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-4ne65158E

.

LCM & HCF (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1fgr8CgU7Q

.

TIME, SPEED AND DISTANCE; TIME AND WORK:

TIME, SPEED & DISTANCE (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuSWoUl5_q8

TIME, SPEED & DISTANCE NEW – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xy1IHx4oxcI

TSD NEW – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bzj88DF2-Nw

TSD NEW – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Os-q0xhutcI

TIME & WORK (WRONG QUESTION): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wclqT_PoHIQ

.

AVERAGES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ek_qaBJ89cI

AVERAGE (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njspvEbibBs

EXTRA TOPIC (CHANGE OF ORIGIN & SCALE): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6qgh81PJZA

.

COMMERCIAL MATHEMATICS:

SIMPLE INTEREST (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxLod17tDjk

SI & CI – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrduV7i8qOg

SI & CI – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvW832O-2Lw

SI & CI – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPnZdtP3GYQ

PROFIT AND LOSS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqn5knJjSZ4

TRUE DISCOUNT, BANKER’S DISCOUNT, BANKER’S GAIN: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wID0w0oXtK0

IN DEPTH EMI AND ANNUITIES CONCEPTS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7gv83Mc7rc

.

PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS:

P & C (NEW) 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzNHb7psh5s

P & C (NEW) 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSuyS730aRw

P & C (NEW) 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwLkkAmR_Jc

P & C (NEW) 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lme7vUfDcnE

P & C (NEW) 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5r9QIJGAsxM

P & C (NEW) 6: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=es-Rq7I5RNI

P & C (NEW) 7: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xuc2GAaTECk

P & C -1 (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FTd1TbKa04

PERMUTATIONS v/s COMBINATIONS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLhdPsty7qA

MIND BLOWING PROBLEM OF P&C: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzHDqzU8-1M

P&C DOUBT SOLVED ON DEMAND: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8b5Jrg4dvI

.

SEQUENCES AND SERIES:

LECTURE 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqARCjMO3Ig

LECTURE 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PwcKjXJB0c

LECTURE 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9vF9mCaHWU

LECTURE 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU0L2Svm-xk

LECTURE 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZremCSKoPE

INFINITE SERIES (TYPICAL PROBLEMS): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Na2275R3BOg

.

GEOMETRY:

LINES AND ANGLES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z73yoJGM8eM

CONGRUENCY CRITERIA: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44EBjc7eAVI

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE IMPORTANT FORMULA: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Mk3zMNtfRo

MIND BLOWING USE OF PYTHAGORAS THEOREM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WlRzc8X8Sk

MIND BLOWING USE OF PYTHAGORAS THEOREM 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RUqlHBagLc

GEOMETRY BRAIN TEASER 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0LZu21vH0M

.

EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES:

EQUATIONS – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsVFZm-W9m8

EQUATIONS – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vct0hnWoMhA

EQUATIONS – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlvKoxm2FHk

EQUATIONS – 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWqlvhWuJLY

LINEAR INEQUALITIES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJGQa4GwL5U

INEQUALITIES (TRICK): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akOhZdyjyLo

BINOMIAL THEOREM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2iVbZRNSCc

.

PROBABILITY:

PROBABILITY – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKSbhqXOadc

PROBABILITY – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYyOIahye_8

PROBABILITY – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5rkKDju8ZQ

.

LOGICAL REASONING:

BASICS OF LR – 1 (NEW): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3FAn9Mts-Y

LR SET 1 (OLD): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4FEpSr10C0

LR SET 2 (OLD): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTb2Lj7oucY

LR SET 3 (OLD): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPE8F7ahBUI

LR SET 4 (OLD): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGJAfWTuvpg

LR SET 1 (NEW): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0Efz02aHNs

LR SET 2 & 3 (NEW): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU6Pg7bd7Qo

LR SET 4 (NEW): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KA0rMQL9_44

LR SET 5 (NEW): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrKd4a1dBf4

LR SET 6 (NEW): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClSLMU6TeQ4

LR MOST INTERESTING: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xDJbGWfRXs

NUMBER SERIES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49sorHxMXPI

SEATING ARRANGEMENT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noOZ_2fKfZY

CIRCULAR ARRANGEMENT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMt2ALBSWmw

FLOW AND DISTRIBUTION: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gc-t1ECbrew

CODING – DECODING: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISo7_rNFEsk

VENN DIAGRAM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP0HpM78Pjw

LR LATEST LECTURE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYHIo8RxEuQ

LR SET 7: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnOkdeVhq2U

LR SET 8: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jx7o4tVi24U

LR SET 9: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJHmVwaoFVY

LR SET 10: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcJ654cSHvg

.

ENGLISH:

VOCAB – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDqVMRNKPto

VOCAB – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B8DTfwfTd0

GRAMMAR – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RQhie9_wLs

GRAMMAR – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnqe0M-TLW0

GRAMMAR – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nAJygvasdY

READING COMPREHENSION – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTF34S6wLWw

READING COMPREHENSION – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nD5EV_yom-k

READING COMPREHENSION – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHok0-_CCi0

PHRASAL VERBS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDAfgBpzuZI

.

TEST/DOUBTS DISCUSSION:

ENTRANCE TEST: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xXOMhLfZ8Y

DOUBTS – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZPQMq1rg9A

PROBLEM SOLVING – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0z8dj86F1E

PROBLEM SOLVING – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUguL91lXYY

PROBLEM SOLVING – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEwzjkaTDX4

DOUBTS – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiVzHs6sd4c

DOUBTS – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCDVDgUnmhY

DOUBTS – 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeJvz1kRrZY

DOUBTS – 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qco-7-bjbV0

DOUBTS – 6: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYPIfQsOrLk

DOUBTS – 7: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFJEBm6yXyk

DOUBTS – 8: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6exxeRB1F8

DOUBTS – 9: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxMgOhX8CTY

DOUBTS – 10 (FACTORIAL AND NUMBER SYSTEM): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulVURoP88ws

DOUBTS – 11: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBjZtdgfvZY

DOUBTS – 12: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYkEppmajPo

DOUBTS – 13: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdwElZ6IZXE

DOUBTS – 14 (HCF): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbryTQQR6Mg

DOUBTS – 15: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xkGH2-2FJ4

DOUBTS – 16: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpTTEhPEaFY

DOUBTS – 17: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npB7-R6dTeI

DOUBTS – 18: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCm_zCmJUpY

THANK YOU!

The post CAT VIDEOS IN SERIAL ORDER appeared first on Kailasha Foundation.

.

MATERIAL BANK: https://kailashafoundation.org/2018/01/18/ca-foundation-new-pattern/

.

IMPORTANT THINGS BEFORE EXAM:

VIDEO 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQVsAt7auPQ

VIDEO 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jR6iObDHwYI

.
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE MARATHON DOUBT SESSIONS:

29 APRIL, 2018: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7OjLZY4Tac

30 APRIL, 2018: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adLOxyK7mgo

1 MAY, 2018: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xb2c-oj-F8

.

MOCK ATTEMPTS:

PAPER ATTEMPT JUNE 2016: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqFMaqVwPDIV

PAPER ATTEMPT DEC 2016: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOT9Y_4Td2g

PAPER ATTEMPT JUNE 2017 PART 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbuPFjwzrHE

PAPER ATTEMPT JUNE 2017 PART 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylHFlimbxt0

PAPER ATTEMPT JUNE 2017 PART 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSe0rKCzH-c

PAPER WITH SOLUTION DEC 2017: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1dz4MhQgyEPYaDAeCmQw9bencCxkxRFjP

MOCK ATTEMPT QA MAY 2018: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-BRayZaVi8

MOCK ATTEMPT QA NOV 2018: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3TuExfbpV0

PAPER ATTEMPT DEC 2017: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9IdiKRTGq4

QA MOCK ATTEMPT 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWfura9HN30

QA MOCK ATTEMPT 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lA05fCeV0nE

QA MOCK ATTEMPT 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHMbCFGcfds

.

RATIO, PROPORTION, INDICES & LOG:

RATIO NEW – 1 (ENGLISH): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDtsCZ_dr4w

RATIO NEW – 2 (HINDI): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUfw4GRKFTs

TYPICAL PROBLEMS OF RATIO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MshQqUod2tQ

RATIO & PROPORTIONS PROBLEMS 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASqGImvN0MQ

RATIO & PROPORTIONS PROBLEMS 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n68yGXVXKFE

LOG WITHOUT CALCULATOR: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuSjbU7_4sk

LOGARITHMS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z17N3wUnk-A

LOGARITHMS LATEST LIVE CLASS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bonokZoymu4

INDICES AND LOG: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pJEiqBc9NU

.

EQUATIONS, INEQUALITIES, MATRICES DETERMINANTS:

EQUATIONS – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsVFZm-W9m8

EQUATIONS – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vct0hnWoMhA

EQUATIONS – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlvKoxm2FHk

EQUATIONS – 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWqlvhWuJLY

PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMhi6nT_HfM

LINEAR INEQUALITIES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJGQa4GwL5U

INEQUALITIES (TRICK): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akOhZdyjyLo

.

TIME VALUE OF MONEY:

SIMPLE INTEREST (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxLod17tDjk

SI & CI – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrduV7i8qOg

SI & CI – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvW832O-2Lw

SI & CI – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPnZdtP3GYQ

ANNUITIES’ FORMULAE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRwRdAaUau4

PRESENT VALUE v/s FUTURE VALUE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-T5x9SAPBU

TVM – PERPETUITY & OTHER CONCEPTS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Qzd1nD6xKs

IN DEPTH EMI AND ANNUITIES CONCEPTS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7gv83Mc7rc

ANNUITIES EXERCISE 4/C SOLVED: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IrhqS2Tvh8

.

PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS:

PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS -1 (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FTd1TbKa04

P & C (NEW) 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzNHb7psh5s

P & C (NEW) 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSuyS730aRw

P & C (NEW) 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwLkkAmR_Jc

P & C (NEW) 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lme7vUfDcnE

P & C (NEW) 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5r9QIJGAsxM

P & C (NEW) 6: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=es-Rq7I5RNI

P & C (NEW) 7: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xuc2GAaTECk

PERMUTATIONS v/s COMBINATIONS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLhdPsty7qA

MIND BLOWING PROBLEM OF P&C: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzHDqzU8-1M

P&C DOUBT SOLVED ON DEMAND: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8b5Jrg4dvI

.

SEQUENCES AND SERIES:

LECTURE 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqARCjMO3Ig

LECTURE 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PwcKjXJB0c

LECTURE 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9vF9mCaHWU

LECTURE 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU0L2Svm-xk

LECTURE 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZremCSKoPE

INFINITE SERIES (EXTRA TOPIC): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Na2275R3BOg

.

CALCULUS:

CALCULUS INTRO (OLD): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYaibzTPmw0

CALCULUS (NEW) 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxYrflexqaQ

FUNCTIONS (CALCULUS) – VERTICAL LINE TEST (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEETw1aQUjc

LIMITS COMPLETE CHAPTER: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lxqbv-_B3I

LIMITS PROBLEM SOLVING BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8s6EztN2Ik

CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIATION: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHBFKLQuBw8

DIFFERENTIATION UP TO CHAIN RULE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOu3W9l-7Qc

INTEGRATION INTRO (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlFwCaymTUA

INTEGRATION BASIC LECTURE 2 (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FM-kAkZSIk

INTEGRATION NEW – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czDH-3jZIl4

INTEGRATION NEW – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHdn51itbZI

INTEGRATION ALL QUESTIONS SOLVED: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvj-HehHe-U

.

STATISTICS THEORY CHAPTERS:

MASTER STATS CHAPTER 1&2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdsydtjpOgE

STATISTICS DIRECT EXAM THEORY QUESTIONS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vjs1FRi1TJM

MINI STATS CHAPTER 1/A (ENGLISH): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYhEZT7OhFI

MINI STATS CHAPTER 1/A (HINDI): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6K67gGNFHM

MINI STATS CHAPTER 1/B (ENGLISH): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IV6-S_7VN8E

MINI STATS CHAPTER 1/B (HINDI): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGEp64qKCUs

BAR DIAGRAMS AND MORE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0Pu6qrkHDg

STATS LATEST LECTURE 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7crNZxjtE9c

STATS LATEST LECTURE 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rN5Mb1jPH4

STATS LATEST LECTURE 3 (MIX): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBvLp-9LqmY

STATS LATEST LECTURE 4 (MIX): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWNh2yiAYYM

STATS LATEST LECTURE (REVISION): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNBx9KVYmMA

CONFUSION IN SMALL x AND CAPITAL X: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfdyPXj17BU

DEVIATION FROM MEAN: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlpjMthJics

PARTITION VALUES – QUARTILES, DECILES, PERCENTILES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ba12ehKFmNc

PARTITION VALUES – PART 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1NGOOo4Mjw

CHANGE OF ORIGIN AND SCALE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5SWb-wAbRg

CHANGE OF ORIGIN AND SCALE (NEW): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6qgh81PJZA

DISPERSION WHATSAPP DOUBT SOLVED 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I_OJucTfNU

.

CORRELATION AND REGRESSION:

CORRELATION 1^ST VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhVBJCMNkTg

CHANGE OF VARIABLE IN CORRELATION: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GoXvDUZPbhM

REGRESSION: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3L5-uwpckyE

.

PROBABILITY AND SAMPLING:

PROBABILITY – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKSbhqXOadc

PROBABILITY – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYyOIahye_8

PROBABILITY – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5rkKDju8ZQ

PROBABILITY – 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NsqbzWut9A

THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCQDoUPS-Xg

THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftBeO8RD0oQ

THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMo7fq5UmI8

THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0sjcKZ2Ejo

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL & NORMAL DISTRIBUTION: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ4WccX6UUA

SAMPLING THEORY MAIN PART: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzD7ZLgRxYQ

.

ACCOUNTS:

LECTURE 1 UNIT 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00aYgwkTcCs

LECTURE 1 UNIT 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBibuxOmYWM

BILLS OF EXCHANGE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cv_yXgisC7I

INVENTORIES RTP NOV 18: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uQSyKITRWY

BASIC ACCOUNTING RATIOS RTP NOV 18: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cw2EjS8Z_U4

RECTIFICATION OF ERRORS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgzFwhbtq30

RECTIFICATION OF ERRORS (PRACTICALS): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo-BYjimJbs

REDEMPTION OF DEBENTURES (OLD VIDEO): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4FllXSEruw

OLD LECTURES (AUDIO PODCASTS):

CHAPTER 1 AUDIO PODCAST (FRESH LECTURE): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DQG22dfdjE

Capital Expenditure, Revenue Expenditure and Receipts: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Olkq3AHHEFE

ACCOUNTING STANDARDS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57EM7Qs85MI

ACCOUNTS LECTURE 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3gRjefXUmo

ACCOUNTS LECTURE 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSvOVOSEYj8

BASIC ACCOUNTING RATIOS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZGgUtO7mao

ACCOUNTS LECTURE 6: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYsGO_bTbbs

ACCOUNTS LECTURE 7: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_l0wtmBSMs

ACCOUNTS LECTURE 8: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nXfqdwAYOao

ACCOUNTS LECTURE 9: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3zMeL1xUG4

ACCOUNTS LECTURE 10: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bD8lDX8hBhs

.

ENGLISH:

CHAPTER 1 – COMMUNICATION: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWvIYlpB3Xc

VOCAB – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDqVMRNKPto

VOCAB – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B8DTfwfTd0

GRAMMAR – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RQhie9_wLs

GRAMMAR – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnqe0M-TLW0

GRAMMAR – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nAJygvasdY

READING COMPREHENSION – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTF34S6wLWw

READING COMPREHENSION – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nD5EV_yom-k

READING COMPREHENSION – 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHok0-_CCi0

RESUME WRITING: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L7pq1D9Wmjk

PHRASAL VERBS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDAfgBpzuZI

.

REASONING:

HOW TO MASTER LOGICAL REASONING: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYHIo8RxEuQ

BLOOD RELATIONS – 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25cJHX8kgsw

BLOOD RELATIONS – 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHnogDy6Vn4

NUMBER SERIES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49sorHxMXPI

CODING – DECODING: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJMg4GaXXCo

CODING – DECODING PROBLEM SOLVING: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISo7_rNFEsk

NUMBER SERIES, CODING – DECODING PROBLEMS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbCrwdQvW_4

SEATING ARRANGEMENT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noOZ_2fKfZY

CIRCULAR ARRANGEMENT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMt2ALBSWmw

SYLLOGISM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOBNgUspGCQ

VENN DIAGRAM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP0HpM78Pjw

.

BUSINESS AND COMMERCIAL KNOWLEDGE:

BCK 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmEDjkfunFU

BCK 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1ZnNdjFrUw

BCK 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ub2XB5xSzxU

BCK 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lw5RzQhEcNo

HUF (OR JHF) EXPLAINED: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haFTOZZ-dME

.

ECONOMICS:

ECO 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwoCkCsJAFA

ECO 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7a5-C0srBk

ECO 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_EtlGTylwk

ECO 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eEROIxMTV8

.

LAW:

CONTRACT ACT – NATURE OF CONTRACT – PART 1 OF 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUy_D_dbzUo

CONTRACT ACT – NATURE OF CONTRACT – PART 2 OF 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-jZqGIknJ8

COMPANIES ACT LECTURE 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUUw1_PctAc

COMPANIES ACT LECTURE 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klyoaqCNyPE

LAW REVISION 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHx0Qr2fUTU

LAW REVISION 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=775AzzXrGPU

LAW REVISION 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1E5Il9wEPY

IMPORTANT TIPS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VP7r4xFPnI

IMPORTANT TIPS MUST WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQDqRWSdUXg

FLOW CHART EXPLANATION ON DEMAND: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWEaqxH8tyc

.

TEST DISCUSSION:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xXOMhLfZ8Y

.

LAST MOMENT HELP: 

THANK YOU!

The post CA FOUNDATION AND CPT VIDEOS IN SERIAL ORDER appeared first on Kailasha Foundation.

NOW AS THE ICAI ITSELF HAS CONDUCTED TWO MOCKS AND AN ACTUAL EXAM IN MAY 2018, IT IS RELIEVING, BUT THE BEST THING IS THAT, ICAI’s PATTERN EXACTLY TALLIED WITH WHAT WE HAD GUESSED. THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE HAS BEEN UPDATED WITH THE LATEST RELEASES BY ICAI.

NOTE: This is only a student help portal and no kind of copyright infringement, fraudulent practices etc is/are intended. However, if any content is found suspicious, we request the honorary ICAI to please report to us we will immediately remove/modify/explain. Thanks!

<<TO JOIN OUR COURSE FOR FREE, WHATSAPP ON 8294600829>>

(Admission for November 2018 exam is now closed and the same for May 2019 will be open from 15 Nov 2019)

We, at Kailasha Foundation – Fun & Learn Portal believe in tutoring with devotion and that too FREE of cost. Here is the latest release of our publications: CA Foundation New Pattern Paper (Subjective) to help out the students.

Every student enrolled in CA Foundation fills exam form in February for May attempt and that in August for November attempt. They receive admit cards online two to four weeks before exam and there are four papers, viz. Paper 1, 2, 3 and 4. The examination is usually conducted in 2nd week of May/Nov.

Paper 1 and 2 will be the Subjective type and Paper 3 and 4 will be of Objective type. Subjective papers’ duration will be 3 hours each and Objective papers’ duration will be 2 hours each. All papers will commence 2:00 PM on respective exam days.

In today’s time, MCQs and objective questions are the things each and every student is aware of. No student needs special training to fill OMR sheets anymore. Those four options and one to choose. Everyone knows that. But a student can’t guess Subjective Pattern until he/she sees actually at least a mock or an actual exam. (However, now everyone has become aware as the first exam of May 2018 has already passed).  We are the first to bring you the most needed thing at the right time.

Since ICAI sets similar pattern papers for Intermediate and Final both stages and both are subjective, So our team, constituted of many Chartered Accountants was able to guess the most likely CA Foundation New Pattern.

GUESS WHAT! WE HAVE BROUGHT THE FORMAT OF ANSWER SHEETS TOO, WHICH WILL BE GIVEN TO YOU. 

Followings ARE THE SUBJECTIVE PAPERS AND SUBJECTIVE ANSWER SHEET FORMAT OF CA FOUNDATION NEW PATTERN which we had uploaded on 18th January 2018, the first ever pattern declaration across the country:

1. PAPER 1: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF ACCOUNTING
   (please wait for the file to load) If you want to download the file, Click here.
   CA Foundation Paper 1 Accounts a
   
2. PAPER 2: Business Laws and Business Correspondence and Reporting
   (please wait for the file to load) If you want to download the file, Click here.
   CA Foundation Paper 2 Law and English a
   
3. The format of Answer Sheet of Subjective Question Papers
   (please wait for the file to load) If you want to download the file, Click here.
   Answer Sheet Format a
   
4. The format of OMR Sheet for Objective Question Papers
   If you want to download the file, Click here.
   

.

<<<FOLLOWING ARE OUR MOCK TEST LINKS>>>:

<<CLICK TO ACCESS MOCK 1 (HELD ON 11 MARCH 2018)>>

<<CLICK TO ACCESS MOCK 2 (HELD ON 18-20 MARCH 2018)>>

<<CLICK TO ACCESS MOCK 3 (HELD ON 1 APRIL 2018)>>

.

.

MOCK BY ICAI 17-20 MARCH, 2018:

[Note: This paper was received from the students after the conduct of mock test and not before. If ICAI finds it unsuitable, we will be okay to remove the same from here. No fraudulent practice(s) or copyright infringement intended.]

1. PAPER 1: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF ACCOUNTING
   (please wait for the file to load) If you want to download the file, Click here.
   ICAI Accounts mock
   
   
2. PAPER 2: Business Laws and Business Correspondence and Reporting
   (please wait for the file to load) If you want to download the file, Click here.
   icai law english mock
   
3. PAPER 3: QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE
   (please wait for the file to load) If you want to download the file, Click here.
   ICAI Maths Stats Reasoning Mock
   
4. PAPER 4: Business Economics and Business and commercial knowledge
   (please wait for the file to load) If you want to download the file, Click here.
   icai eco bst mock
   
   

Links to other materials provided by ICAI:

1. ACCOUNTS RTP (CLICK TO ACCESS)
2. ACCOUNTS PRACTICE QUESTIONS (CLICK TO ACCESS)
3. LAW RTP (CLICK TO ACCESS)
4. LAW PRACTICE QUESTIONS (CLICK TO ACCESS)
5. ENGLISH RTP (CLICK TO ACCESS)
6. PRACTICE MATERIALS FROM CPT COURSE

Please take a moment to share this article to all your groups and with your friends if you found the content worthful. Thanks in advance.

<<CLICK TO ACCESS OUR VIDEO SERIES OF CA FOUNDATION>>

Kailasha Foundation – Bringing Solutions To You

Follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn for regular updates.

The post CA FOUNDATION NEW PATTERN SAMPLE PAPER AND ANS SHEET appeared first on Kailasha Foundation.