●स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति से पूर्व देश में स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के साथ-साथ हिंदी को देश की राष्ट्रभाषा बनाये जाने की सर्वाधिक मांग की जाती रही थी।

●संविधान निर्माताओं ने हिंदी को राष्ट्रभाषा बनाए जाने की मांग को दृष्टिगत रखते हुए संविधान सभा ने 14/9/1949 को हिंदी को संघ की राजभाषा स्वीकार करते हुए राजभाषा हिंदी के संबंध में प्रावधान किए।

●संविधान के भाग 5 एवं 6 के क्रमश: अनुच्छेद 120 तथा 210 में तथा भाग 17 के अनुचछेद 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350 तथा 351 में राजभाषा हिंदी के संबंध में निम्न प्रावधान किये गए हैं। इन प्रावधानों के साथ ही संप्रति भारत की 22 भाषाओं को संविधान की अनुसूची-8 में मान्यता दी गई है।

●ये भाषाएँ इस प्रकार हैं-

हिंदी, पंजाबी, उर्दू, कश्मीरी, संस्कृत, असमिया, ओड़िया, बांगला, गुजराती, मराठी, सिंधी, तमिल, तेलुगु, मलयालम, कन्नड़, मणिपुरी, कोंकणी, नेपाली, संथाली, मैथिली, बोड़ो तथा डोगरी।

●सन 1967 में 21वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा सिंधी भाषा 8वीं अनुसूची में जोड़ी गई थी। सन 1992 में 71वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा कोंकणी, नेपाली तथा मणिपुरी भाषाएँ 8वीं अनुसूची में जोड़ी गई थीं। सन 2003 में 92वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा संथाली, मैथिली, बोडो तथा डोगरी भाषाएँ 8वीं अनुसूची में जोड़ी गई थीं।

संसद में प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा

●संविधान के अनुच्छेद 120 के अंतर्गत संसद में प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा के संबंध में प्रावधान किया गया है।

●अनुच्छेद 120 के खंड (1) के अंतर्गत प्रावधान किया गया है कि संविधान के भाग-17 में किसी बात के होते हुए भी किंतु अनुच्छेद 348 के उपबंधों के अधीन रहते हुए संसद में कार्य हिंदी में या अंग्रेजी में किया जायेगा, परंतु यथा स्थिति लोक सभा का अध्यक्ष या राज्य सभा का सभापति अथवा उस रूप में कार्य करने वाला व्यक्ति सदन में किसी सदस्य को, जो हिंदी में या अंग्रेजी में अपनी पर्याप्त अभिव्यक्ति नहीं कर सकता है, तो उसे अपनी मातृभाषा में सदन को संबोधित करने की अनुमति दे सकता है।

●अनुच्छेद 120 के खंड (2) के अंतर्गत प्रावधान किया गया है कि जब तक संसद विधि द्वारा अन्यथा उपबंध न करे, तब तक संविधान के प्रारंभ के समय से पन्द्रह वर्ष की अवधि की समाप्ति के पश्चात यह अनुच्छेद इस प्रकार प्रभावी होगा मानो- या अंग्रेजी में शब्दों का लोप कर दिया गया हो।

विधान मंडल में प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा

●संविधान के अनुच्छेद 210 के अंतर्गत विधान मंडल में प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा के संबंध में प्रावधान किया गया है।

●अनुच्छेद 210 के खंड (1) के अंतर्गत प्रावधान किया गया है कि संविधान के भाग-17 में किसी बात के होते हुए भी किंतु अनुच्छेद 348 के उपबंधों के अधीन रहते हुए, राज्य के विधान मंडल में कार्य राज्य की राजभाषा या राजभाषाओं में या हिंदी में या अंग्रेजी में किया जायेगा, किंतु यथा स्थिति, विधान सभा का अध्यक्ष या विधान परिषद का सभापति अथवा उस रूप में कार्य करने वाला व्यक्ति सदन में किसी भी सदस्य को, जो अपने राज्य की राजभाषा या राजभाषाओं अथवा हिंदी अथवा अंग्रेजी में से किसी भी भाषा में अपनी पर्याप्त अभिव्यक्ति नहीं कर सकता है, तो उसे अपनी मातृभाषा में सदन को संबोधित करने की अनुमति दे सकता है।

●अनुच्छेद 210 के खंड (2) के अंतर्गत प्रावधान किया गया है कि जब तक राज्य का विधान मंडल विधि द्वारा अन्यथा उपबंध न करे, तब तक संविधान के लागू होने के समय से पन्द्रह वर्ष की अवधि की समाप्ति के बाद यह अनुच्छेद ऐसे प्रभावी होगा मानो- या अंग्रेज़ी में शब्दों का उसमें से लोप कर दिया गया हो।

संघ की राजभाषा

●संविधान के भाग-17 के अनुचछेद 343 से 351 तक में राजभाषा संबंधी प्रावधान किये गए हैं।

●संविधान के अनुच्छेद 343 के अंतर्गत संघ की राजभाषा के संबंध में प्रावधान किया गया है।

●अनुच्छेद 343 के खंड (1) के अनुसार देवनागरी लिपि में लिखित हिंदी संघ की राजभाषा है। संघ के शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग होने वाले अंकों का रूप भारतीय अंकों का अंतर्राष्ट्रीय रूप होगा। तथापि संविधान के इसी अनुच्छेद 343 के खंड (2) के अनुसार किसी बात के होते हुए भी इस संविधान के लागू होने के समय से पन्द्रह वर्ष की अवधि (अर्थात 26 जनवरी, 1965) तक संघ के उन सभी राजकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए वह संविधान के लागू होने के समय से ठीक वह संविधान के लागू होने के समय से ठीक पहले प्रयोग की जाती थी। (अर्थात् 26 जनवरी, 1965 तक अंग्रेजी उन सभी प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग की जाती रहेगी, जिनके लिए वह संविधान के लागू होने के समय से पूर्व प्रयोग की जाती थी।)

●अनुच्छेद 343 के खंड (2) के अंतर्गत यह भी प्रावधान किया गया है कि उक्त पन्द्रह वर्ष की अवधि में भी अर्थात् 26 जनवरी, 1965 से पूर्व भी राष्ट्रपति आदेश द्वारा किसी भी राजकीय प्रयोजन के लिए अंग्रेजी के साथ साथ देवनागरी रूप के प्रयोग की अनुमति दे सकते हैं।

अनुच्छेद 343. संघ की राजभाषा—

(1) संघ की राजभाषा हिंदी और लिपि देवनागरी होगी, संघ के शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग होने वाले अंकों का रूप भारतीय अंकों का अंतर्राष्ट्रीय रूप होगा।

(2) खंड (1) में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, इस संविधान के प्रारंभ से पंद्रह वर्ष की अवधि तक संघ के उन सभी शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए अंग्रेजी भाषा का प्रयोग किया जाता रहेगा जिनके लिए उसका ऐसे प्रारंभ से ठीक पहले प्रयोग किया जा रहा था , परन्तु राष्ट्रपति उक्त अवधि के दौरान, आदेश द्वारा, संघ के शासकीय प्रयोजनों में से किसी के लिए अंग्रेजी भाषा के अतिरिक्त हिंदी भाषा का और भारतीय अंकों के अंतर्राष्ट्रीय रूप के अतिरिक्त देवनागरी रूप का प्रयोग प्राधिकृत कर सकेगा।

(3) इस अनुच्छेद में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, संसद् उक्त पन्द्रह वर्ष की अवधि के पश्चात्‌, विधि द्वारा

(क) अंग्रेजी भाषा का, या

(ख) अंकों के देवनागरी रूप का,

ऐसे प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग उपबंधित कर सकेगी जो ऐसी विधि में विनिर्दिष्ट किए जाएं।

अनुच्छेद 344 राजभाषा के संबंध में आयोग और संसद की समिति—

(1) राष्ट्रपति, इस संविधान के प्रारंभ से पांच वर्ष की समाप्ति पर और तत्पश्चात्‌ ऐसे प्रारंभ से दस वर्ष की समाप्ति पर, आदेश द्वारा, एक आयोग गठित करेगा जो एक अध्यक्ष और आठवीं अनुसूची में विनिर्दिष्ट विभिन्न भाषाओं का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाले ऐसे अन्य सदस्यों से मिलकर बनेगा जिनको राष्ट्रपति नियुक्त करे और आदेश में आयोग द्वारा अनुसरण की जाने वाली प्रक्रिया परिनिश्चित की जाएगी।

(2) आयोग का यह कर्तव्य होगा कि वह राष्ट्रपति को–

(क) संघ के शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए हिंदी भाषा के अधिकाधिक प्रयोग,

(ख) संघ के सभी या किन्हीं शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए अंग्रेजी भाषा के प्रयोग पर निर्बंधनों,

(ग) अनुच्छेद 348 में उल्लिखित सभी या किन्हीं प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा,

(घ) संघ के किसी एक या अधिक विनिर्दिष्ट प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग किए जाने वाले अंकों के रूप,

(ड़) संघ की राजभाषा तथा संघ और किसी राज्य के बीच या एक राज्य और दूसरे राज्य के बीच पत्रादि की भाषा और उनके प्रयोग के संबंध में राष्ट्रपति द्वारा आयोग को निर्देशित किए गए किसी अन्य विषय, के बारे में सिफारिश करे।

(3) खंड (2) के अधीन अपनी सिफारिशें करने में, आयोग भारत की औद्योगिक, सांस्कृतिक और वैज्ञानिक उन्नति का और लोक सेवाओं के संबंध में अहिंदी भाषी क्षेत्रों के व्यक्तियों के न्यायसंगत दावों और हितों का सम्यक ध्यान रखेगा।

(4) एक समिति गठित की जाएगी जो तीस सदस्यों से मिलकर बनेगी जिनमें से बीस लोक सभा के सदस्य होंगे और दस राज्य सभा के सदस्य होंगे जो क्रमशः लोक सभा के सदस्यों और राज्य सभा के सदस्यों द्वारा आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व पद्धति के अनुसार एकल संक्रमणीय मत द्वारा निर्वाचित होंगे।

(5) समिति का यह कर्तव्य होगा कि वह खंड (1)के अधीन गठित आयोग की सिफारिशों की परीक्षा करे और राष्ट्रपति को उन पर अपनी राय के बारे में प्रतिवेदन दे।

(6) अनुच्छेद 343 में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, राष्ट्रपति खंड (5) में निर्दिष्ट प्रतिवेदन पर विचार करने के पश्चात्‌ उस संपूर्ण प्रतिवेदन के या उसके किसी भाग के अनुसार निदेश दे सकेगा।

अध्याय 2- प्रादेशिक भाषाएं अनुच्छेद 345. राज्य की राजभाषा या राजभाषाएं–

●अनुच्छेद 346 और अनुच्छेद 347 के उपबंधों के अधीन रहते हुए, किसी राज्य का विधान-मंडल, विधि द्वारा, उस राज्य में प्रयोग होने वाली भाषाओं में से किसी एक या अधिक भाषाओं को या हिंदी को उस राज्य के सभी या किन्हीं शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा या भाषाओं के रूप में अंगीकार कर सकेगाः

●परंतु जब तक राज्य का विधान-मंडल, विधि द्वारा, अन्यथा उपबंध न करे तब तक राज्य के भीतर उन शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए अंग्रेजी भाषा का प्रयोग किया जाता रहेगा जिनके लिए उसका इस संविधान के प्रारंभ से ठीक पहले प्रयोग किया जा रहा था।

अनुच्छेद 346. एक राज्य और दूसरे राज्य के बीच या किसी राज्य और संघ के बीच पत्रादि की राजभाषा-–

●संघ में शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग किए जाने के लिए तत्समय प्राधिकृत भाषा, एक राज्य और दूसरे राज्य के बीच तथा किसी राज्य और संघ के बीच पत्रादि की राजभाषा होगी :

●परंतु यदि दो या अधिक राज्य यह करार करते हैं कि उन राज्यों के बीच पत्रादि की राजभाषा हिंदी भाषा होगी तो ऐसे पत्रादि के लिए उस भाषा का प्रयोग किया जा सकेगा।

●अनुच्छेद 347. किसी राज्य की जनसंख्या के किसी भाग द्वारा बोली जाने वाली भाषा के संबंध में विशेष उपबंध–
यदि इस निमित्त मांग किए जाने पर राष्ट्रपति का यह समाधान हो जाता है कि किसी राज्य की जनसंख्या का पर्याप्त भाग यह चाहता है कि उसके द्वारा बोली जाने वाली भाषा को राज्य द्वारा मान्यता दी जाए तो वह निदेश दे सकेगा कि ऐसी भाषा को भी उस राज्य में सर्वत्र या उसके किसी भाग में ऐसे प्रयोजन के लिए, जो वह विनिर्दिष्ट करे, शासकीय मान्यता दी जाए।

अध्याय 3 – उच्चतम न्यायालय, उच्च न्यायालयों आदि की भाषा

अनुच्छेद 348. उच्चतम न्यायालय और उच्च न्यायालयों में और अधिनियमों, विधेयकों आदि के लिए प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा–
(1) इस भाग के पूर्वगामी उपबंधों में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, जब तक संसद् विधि द्वारा अन्यथा उपबंध न करे तब तक–

(क) उच्चतम न्यायालय और प्रत्येक उच्च न्यायालय में सभी कार्यवाहियां अंग्रेजी भाषा में होंगी,

(ख) (i) संसद् के प्रत्येक सदन या किसी राज्य के विधान-मंडल के सदन या प्रत्येक सदन में पुरःस्थापित किए जाने वाले सभी विधेयकों या प्रस्तावित किए जाने वाले उनके संशोधनों के,

(ii) संसद या किसी राज्य के विधान-मंडल द्वारा पारित सभी अधिनियमों के और राष्ट्रपति या किसी राज्य के राज्यपाल द्वारा प्रख्यापित सभी अध्यादेशों के ,और

(iii) इस संविधान के अधीन अथवा संसद या किसी राज्य के विधान-मंडल द्वारा बनाई गई किसी विधि के अधीन निकाले गए या बनाए गए सभी आदेशों, नियमों, विनियमों और उपविधियों के, प्राधिकृत पाठ अंग्रेजी भाषा में होंगे।

(2) खंड(1) के उपखंड (क) में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, किसी राज्य का राज्यपाल राष्ट्रपति की पूर्व सहमति से उस उच्च न्यायालय की कार्यवाहियों में, जिसका मुख्य स्थान उस राज्य में है, हिन्दी भाषा का या उस राज्य के शासकीय प्रयोजनों के लिए प्रयोग होने वाली किसी अन्य भाषा का प्रयोग प्राधिकृत कर सकेगाः

परंतु इस खंड की कोई बात ऐसे उच्च न्यायालय द्वारा दिए गए किसी निर्णय, डिक्री या आदेश को लागू नहीं होगी।

(3) खंड (1) के उपखंड (ख) में किसी बात के होते हुए भी, जहां किसी राज्य के विधान-मंडल ने,उस विधान-मंडल में पुरःस्थापित विधेयकों या उसके द्वारा पारित अधिनियमों में अथवा उस राज्य के राज्यपाल द्वारा प्रख्यापित अध्यादेशों में अथवा उस उपखंड के पैरा (iv‌) में निर्दिष्ट किसी आदेश, नियम, विनियम या उपविधि में प्रयोग के लिए अंग्रेजी भाषा से भिन्न कोई भाषा विहित की है वहां उस राज्य के राजपत्र में उस राज्य के राज्यपाल के प्राधिकार से प्रकाशित अंग्रेजी भाषा में उसका अनुवाद इस अनुच्छेद के अधीन उसका अंग्रेजी भाषा में प्राधिकृत पाठ समझा जाएगा।

●अनुच्छेद 349. भाषा से संबंधित कुछ विधियां अधिनियमित करने के लिए विशेष प्रक्रिया–
इस संविधान के प्रारंभ से पंद्रह वर्ष की अवधि के दौरान, अनुच्छेद 348 के खंड (1) में उल्लिखित किसी प्रयोजन के लिए प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा के लिए उपबंध करने वाला कोई विधेयक या संशोधन संसद के किसी सदन में राष्ट्रपति की पूर्व मंजूरी के बिना पुरःस्थापित या प्रस्तावित नहीं किया जाएगा और राष्ट्रपति किसी ऐसे विधेयक को पुरःस्थापित या किसी ऐसे संशोधन को प्रस्तावित किए जाने की मंजूरी अनुच्छेद 344 के खंड (1) के अधीन गठित आयोग की सिफारिशों पर और उस अनुच्छेद के खंड (4) के अधीन गठित समिति के प्रतिवेदन पर विचार करने के पश्चात्‌ ही देगा, अन्यथा नहीं।

●अध्याय 4– विशेष निदेश
अनुच्छेद 350. व्यथा के निवारण के लिए अभ्यावेदन में प्रयोग की जाने वाली भाषा–
प्रत्येक व्यक्ति किसी व्यथा के निवारण के लिए संघ या राज्य के किसी अधिकारी या प्राधिकारी को, यथास्थिति, संघ में या राज्य में प्रयोग होने वाली किसी भाषा में अभ्यावेदन देने का हकदार होगा।

●अनुच्छेद 350 क. प्राथमिक स्तर पर मातृभाषा में शिक्षा की सुविधाएं–
प्रत्येक राज्य और राज्य के भीतर प्रत्येक स्थानीय प्राधिकारी भाषाई अल्पसंख्यक-वर्गों के बालकों को शिक्षा के प्राथमिक स्तर पर मातृभाषा में शिक्षा की पर्याप्त सुविधाओं की व्यवस्था करने का प्रयास करेगा और राष्ट्रपति किसी राज्य को ऐसे निदेश दे सकेगा जो वह ऐसी सुविधाओं का उपबंध सुनिश्चित कराने के लिए आवश्यक या उचित समझता है।

●अनुच्छेद 350 ख. भाषाई अल्पसंख्यक-वर्गों के लिए विशेष अधिकारी–
(1) भाषाई अल्पसंख्यक-वर्गों के लिए एक विशेष अधिकारी होगा जिसे राष्ट्रपति नियुक्त करेगा।

(2) विशेष अधिकारी का यह कर्तव्य होगा कि वह इस संविधान के अधीन भाषाई अल्पसंख्यक-वर्गों के लिए उपबंधित रक्षोपायों से संबंधित सभी विषयों का अन्वेषण करे और उन विषयों के संबंध में ऐसे अंतरालों पर जो राष्ट्रपति निर्दिष्ट करे,

●राष्ट्रपति को प्रतिवेदन दे और राष्ट्रपति ऐसे सभी प्रतिवेदनों को संसद् के प्रत्येक सदन के समक्ष रखवाएगा और संबंधित राज्यों की सरकारों को भिजवाएगा।

●अनुच्छेद 351. हिंदी भाषा के विकास के लिए निदेश–
संघ का यह कर्तव्य होगा कि वह हिंदी भाषा का प्रसार बढ़ाए, उसका विकास करे जिससे वह भारत की सामासिक संस्कृति के सभी तत्वों की अभिव्यक्ति का माध्यम बन सके और उसकी प्रकृति में हस्तक्षेप किए बिना हिंदुस्थानी में और आठवीं अनुसूची में विनिर्दिष्ट भारत की अन्य भाषाओं में प्रयुक्त रूप, शैली और पदों को आत्मसात करते हुए और जहां आवश्यक या वांछनीय हो वहां उसके शब्द-भंडार के लिए मुख्यतः संस्कृत से और गौणतः अन्य भाषाओं से शब्द ग्रहण करते हुए उसकी समृद्धि सुनिश्चित करे।

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1. Those based on resemblance

• Simile
• Metaphor
• Personification
• Apostrophe

2. Those based on Contrast

• Antithesis
• Epigram
* Oxymoron
* Paradox

3. Those based on Association

• Metonymy
• Synecdoche

4. Those depending on Construction

• Climax
• Anticlimax

1. ALLITERATION:

Alliteration refers to the repetition of an initial consonant sound, at least three times in a sentence.

EXAMPLES :
• A peck of pickled peppers
• Don’t delay dawns disarming display. Dusk demands daylight.
• Sara’s seven sisters slept soundly in the sand.
• Sally sells sea shells by the seashore”

2. SIMILE:

In Simile, a comparison is made between two objects of different kinds which have at least one point in common. The Simile is introduced by the word ‘as…as’ or ‘like’.

“Life is like a box of chocolates; you never know what you’re going to get”

EXAMPLES:
• As active as Quicksilver
• As afraid as a grasshopper
• As ageless as the sun
• As agile as a cat
• As agile as a monkey
• As alert as a bird
• As alike as two peas
• As alone as a leper
• As alone as Crusoe
• As ambitious as the devil

3. METAPHOR:

An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common (as if two things were one.)

EXAMPLES:
• The camel is the ship of the desert.
• Life is a dream.
• The news was a dagger to his heart.
• Revenge is a kind of wild justice.
• “My heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill”

NOTE: Every SIMILE can be compressed into a METAPHOR, and Every METAPHOR can be expanded into a SIMILE.

EXAMPLES:
• Tanaji fought as fiercely as a loin. (Simile)
• Tanaji was a lion in the fight. (Metaphor)

• The waves thundered on the shore. (Metaphor)
• The waves broke on the shore with the noise like a thunder. (Simile)

•My love is like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June. (Simile)
• Love is a rose but you better not pick it. (Metaphor)

4. ANTITHESIS:

In Antithesis, a striking opposition or contrast of words or sentiments is made in the same sentence. It is employed to secure emphasis.

EXAMPLES:
• Man proposes, but God disposes.
• Not that I loved Caesar less, but I loved Rome more.
• Speech is silver, but Silence is Gold.
• Many are called, but few are chosen.
• To err is human, but to forgive on the divine.

5. OXYMORON:

A figure of speech in which contradictory terms appear side by side or at once of the same thing.

EXAMPLES:
• She accepted it as the kind cruelty of surgeon’s knife.
• It is an open secret.

6. PARADOX:

A statement that appears to contradict itself in the same sentence.

EXAMPLES :
“War is peace. Ignorance is strength. Freedom is slavery.”

Though we know these things aren’t true, they present an interesting paradox that makes a person think seriously about what they have just read or heard.

7. IRONY:

The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. It is often used to poke fun at a situation that everyone else sees as a very serious matter.

EXAMPLES :
“Gentlemen, you can’t fight in here! This is the War Room!”

8. APOSTROPHE:

An Apostrophe is a direct address to the dead, to the absent, or to a personified object or idea. This figure is a special form of Personification.

EXAMPLES:
• Milton! You should not be living at this hour.
• Friend! I know not which way I must look for comfort.
• Roll on! Thou deep and dark blue Ocean, roll.
• Death! Where is thy sting? O Grave! Where is thy victory?

9. EUPHEMISM:

Euphemism consists in the description of a disagreeable thing by an agreeable name.

EXAMPLES:
• You are telling me a fairy tale. (You are telling me lies)
• He is gone to heaven. (He is dead)
•We have to let you go. (You’re fired.)
•You’re well fed. (You’re fat.)

10. HYPERBOLE:

Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect.

EXAMPLES:
• Why, man, if the river is dry, I am able to fill it with tears.
• Hamlet! You have not cleft my heart in twain.
•“It was as big as a mountain! It was faster than a cheetah! It was dumber than a rock!”

11. SYNECDOCHE:

A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole

EXAMPLES :
ABCs for alphabet or the whole for a part
England won the World Cup in 1966.
Seeing eyes, helping hands.

12. ONOMATOPOEIA:

This is the use of a word that actually sounds like what it means.

Onomatopoeia (pronounced ON-a-MAT-a-PEE-a) refers to words (such as bow-wow and hiss ) that imitate the sounds

Good examples include “hiss” or “ding-dong” or “fizz.”

13. PERSONIFICATION:

In Personification, inanimate objects and abstract notions are spoken of as having life and intelligence.

This is a way of giving an inanimate object the qualities of a living thing.

EXAMPLES:
• Death lays its icy hands on King.
• Pride goes forth on horseback, grand and gay.
• Laughter is holding her both sides.
•“The tree quaked with fear as the wind approached”
•“The sun smiled down on her”

14. PUN:

A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes in the similar sense or sound of different words.

A form of wordplay using similar sounding words.

EXAMPLES:
“The wedding was so emotional that even the cake was in tiers (tears).”

“Two silk worms had a race and ended in a tie.” – A “tie” can of course either be when neither party wins, but in this pun also refers to the piece of clothing usually made from silk.

“Why can a man never starve in the Great Desert? Because he can eat the sand which is there. But what brought the sandwiches there? Why, Noah sent Ham, and his descendants mustered and bred.” – There are several separate puns, including the pun on “sand which” and “sandwich,” as well as “Ham” (a Biblical figure) and “ham” and the homophonic puns on “mustered”/“mustard” and “bred”/“bread.”

15. METONYMY:

A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it’s closely associated. Metonyms make associations or substitutions.

In some ways, it can be seen as a nickname for something else.
However, we all understand the meaning, and so the words are interchangeable.

EXAMPLES:
The place name “Bollywood,” has become a metonym for the Hindi film industry.

Using the word “crown” for “king or queen” or “lab coats” for “scientists”.

“The White House said” doesn’t actually mean the White House said it (a house can’t speak!) but that the President of America (who lives in The White House) said it.

16. RHETORICAL QUESTION:

A rhetorical question is a question that is asked not to get an answer, but instead to emphasize a point. They are often used to elicit thought and understanding on the part of the listener or reader.

EXAMPLES :
“Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would want to live in an institution?”

We also use rhetorical questions in common speech, such as the following statements:

Sure, why not?
Who knew?
Does it look like I care?
Are you kidding me?
Do birds fly?
Is the sky blue?

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REASONING

Level- EASY, GOOD ATTEMPT- 19-23,

GENERAL AWARENESS

Level- EASY TO MODERATE, GOOD ATTEMPT- 16-20
We have provided all 25 questions.

MATH

Level- MODERATE, GOOD ATTEMPT- 19-21
DI was calculative a bit. Geometrical was tough but rest all were easy.

ENGLISH

Level- MODERATE TO DIFFICULT, GOOD ATTEMPT- 15-18
Paragraph was confusing. Antonym- Synonym was tough. Fillers was too easy. Idioms was tough, Spelling was easy, Error detection was moderate, Narration voice was moderate but confusing,

OVERALL

Level- MODERATE, GOOD ATTEMPT- 74 – 78

~TIPS!

1. Practice KFDN Slides Question available on Kailasha Foundation FB Page. All questions in Math & Reasoning were on the same pattern. SUFFICIENT ENOUGH
2. Don’t attempt Math at starting. Start GK & English first. NEVER
3. TIME MANAGEMENT (First 6 minutes- GK, 7th to 18th minutes- English, 19th to 34th minutes- Reasoning, 35th to 60th minutes- Math)
4. In reasoning and Quant, Must skip if you don’t get in 1st 30 seconds

GA Questions asked on 12th August (Slot 2)

Study of fungi is called ? – Mycology (KFDN Slide question)
Who is the author of the book “Utmost happiness”? – Arundhati Roy (Present in Notes published by KFDN)
Name the bacteria who is responsible for jamming of curd? – lactobacillus (KFDN Slide)
Term of comptroller auditor general?
D.I frequency polygon?
The term of CAG is for ? – 6 years
Polio vaccine discovery (KFDN Quiz)
Sodium bicarbonate usually named as? – Baking Soda (KFDN Quiz)
Name the first governor general of India? – William Bentinck
Who was the first female emperor of india? – Razia Sultana (KFDN SLIDE)
Pairs of ribs in human body? – 12 Pairs
Which of the following is iron ore?
What is the SI unit of heat energy? – Joule (KFDN SLIDE)
When you are moving upwards, which is constant? (KFDN SLIDE)
Earth twin planet is called as? – Venus (KFDN NOTES)
Equal rainfall named as?
No. of state boundaries for nepal?
1 Qs related to pension scheme.
1 Qs related to GDP, GNP.
Who does not get Arjuna Award in the following in 2016 wrestling?
Match following:
i) Golf
ii) Hockey
iii) Cricket
Pradhan Mantri vandana yojna by …………
7th country in SACEP ?
Computer work on which system- Binary

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The chatbots robots which were designed by Facebook at various operational levels started speaking in their own language defying the codes provided. According to a report published in Tech Times, the social media giant had to pull the plug on the AI system that its researchers were working on “because things got out of hand”. “The AI did not start shutting down computers worldwide or something of the sort, but it stopped using English and started using a language that it created,” the report further noted.

Let us know in details about this complete story. Earlier this year, Facebook deployed various AI enabled chatbots to automate the various process. These AI system was working on the fundamentals of machine learning. They were self-learning system which understands the situation, check the records, converse with another system, solve the problem and learn from mistakes. A complete human independent system. Initially, these AI agents nicknamed Bob and Alice, were originally communicating in English, when they swapped to what initially appeared to be gibberish but later (in June) Facebook AI Research Lab (FAIR) found that while they were busy trying to improve chatbots, the “dialogue agents” were creating their own language. They were still doing conversation with other systems, still solving the issues but that gone completely out of the context from the human being. Objectives were still being served but for researchers, it was a complete black box for researchers. They were not able to get any idea about the complete workflow. This led Facebook researchers to shut down the AI systems and then force them to speak to each other only in English. Soon, the chatbots began to deviate from the scripted norms and started communicating in an entirely new language which they created without human input. Using machine learning algorithms, the “dialogue agents” were left to converse freely in an attempt to strengthen their conversational skills.

“After learning to negotiate, the bots relied on machine learning and advanced strategies in an attempt to improve the outcome of these negotiations,” the report said. “Over time, the bots became quite skilled at it and even began feigning interest in one item in order to ‘sacrifice’ it at a later stage in the negotiation as a faux compromise,” it added.

Interestingly, this incident took place just days after a verbal spat between Facebook CEO and Musk who exchanged harsh words over a debate on the future of Artificial Intelligence. For the last 5 years, the tech world realized that Machine learning and artificial intelligence have phenomenal potential to simplify, accelerate, and improve many aspects of our lives. Computers can ingest and process massive quantities of data and extract patterns and useful information at a rate exponentially faster than humans, and that potential is being explored and developed around the world. But everything has a limit. If there is no limit then it can turn dangerous.

Facebook’s experiment isn’t the only victim of smart intelligence technique. This isn’t the first time that AI has started to act with a mind of its own. In 2016, the search engine Google revealed that the AI which they use for its Translate tool had created its own language, which it would translate things into and then out of. Google Translate used neural networks — a computer system that is modeled on the human brain — to translate between some of its popular languages, and also between language pairs for which it has not been specifically trained. It was in this way that people started to believe Google Translate had effectively established its own language to assist in translation. But the company was somehow happy with that development and allowed it to continue. Another study at OpenAI found that artificial intelligence could be encouraged to create a language, making itself more efficient and better at communicating as it did so. In 2017, an AI security robot ‘drowned itself’ in a water fountain. The robot, stationed in a Washington D.C shopping center met its end in June and sparked a Twitter storm featuring predictions detailing doomsday and suicidal robots. Whether this is true or not, the Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines film sure put forward a solid argument for robots that could be smarter than humans. In the meantime, it’s nice to know that AI can be switched off with the pull of a plug.

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SOURCE:

1. http://www.techtimes.com/articles/212124/20170730/facebook-ai-invents-language-that-humans-cant-understand-system-shut-down-before-it-evolves-into-skynet.htm
2. http://www.millenniumpost.in/big-stories/facebook-shuts-ai-system-after-bots-create-own-language-255224

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The wait is over now. The biggest day of SSC CGL has arrived before us. SSC CGL 2017 Tier I Exam is around the corner. The exam is scheduled between 05.08.2017 to 24.08.2017. For the last 60 days, we travelled this journey with you all. We arranged lecture notes, 24*7 query helpline, daily quiz, hourly quiz, Facebook live quiz, Mock papers etc. We did our best. This was the 1st time for our team that we covered full-fledged preparation for SSC CGL 2017. Thanks for all the support. We hope that you all are well-prepared now and have practiced to perfection. Now, last 5 days are very crucial to your preparation as it will decide whether you clear SSC CGL 2017 exam or you have to try again next year. These last minute tips, as well as examination strategy for SSC CGL Tier I exam, will surely help all.

1. This is the first year that SSC CGL has restricted time to 60 minutes. Make sure that you are comfortable with time duration. We will suggest you attempt 1 mock paper every day for next 5 days strictly within the timeline. Here is the link

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2. Make sure you know and understand the new SSC CGL pattern and scoring system very well. All questions are of equal marks and it is important that you must know where not to waste your time and maximize your score.

3. Make sure you haven’t missed anything in your preparation and that you have prepared according to the weightages of chapters. Don’t try to attempt anything which you haven’t come across before. No experiment at all.

4. First attempt only those sections in which you are more confident, prepared very well to maximize score. This would increase your performance and confidence.

5. Don’t attempt any section for much time. If you are able to figure out how to solve a specific question quickly, then go for it. You may take a quick revision of 300+ expert questions posted on our Facebook Page (Link- https://www.facebook.com/kailashafoundation.org )

6. If you are unable to identify how to solve any question in 25 seconds, skip that question immediately. Remember you only get less than a minute to solve a question. So instead of wasting time do other simple questions first.

7. Time Management is key! You have JUST 60 minutes to get through the biggest paper of your life. You need to ensure that you give yourself the best chance.

8. By now in these 60 days, you must be well aware of your weak and strong areas, subject-wise. Be sure to read the tricks and shortcuts given in the detailed syllabus and strengthen the topics that carry a good weightage.

<<<<LINK TO QUANT SHORT TRICK  PART 1>>>>>>

<<<<LINK TO QUANT SHORT TRICK  PART 2>>>>>>

9. The SSC CGL Tier 1 exam has no sectional time limits. You can allot more time to the questions that you think can fetch you more marks. This will drastically improve your accuracy and protect you from negative marking.

10. Attempt the Reading Comprehension first in the paper. Then get to the vocabulary questions and end with grammar questions. Don’t waste time switching too much through the sections. In that case, attempt the questions in the order in which they come.

11. Make sure you have your admit card ready. If you haven’t downloaded it yet, do so immediately and verify everything.

12. If your exam center is in your city, make sure to chart out the travel routes in advance. If possible, try to go there before the exam date so that you are not left with any last minute surprises. The last thing you need is to be late for your exam.

13. Make sure you have everything including your admit card, a photograph (just in case), your id proof (just in case), two pens. You won’t need a watch as there will be a digital clock on the screen. CALCULATOR is not allowed. Also, make sure to avoid taking these things into the exam hall.

14. Get sufficient sleep the night before. Make sure that your sleep cycle is attuned in such a way that you are most alert during your exam time slot. This means being awake at least for 3 or 4 hours before the designated time. Spend the next few days ensuring that you wake up on time.

15. Avoid eating out in these last few days. The last thing you need is an upset stomach. There will be no bathroom breaks. So make sure not to spoil your chances.

Team KAILASHA FOUNDATION hope these last minute tips for SSC CGL Tier I exam will be very helpful and masterstroke for you.

We wish you all Best of luck from KFDN Family!! Always Remember,

Only you can change your life. No one can do it for you.

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Average=(sum / N) where N is total number of objects

Weighted Average: The average between two sets of numbers is closer to the set with more numbers.
If the value of each item is increased by x, then the average of the group will also increase by x.

If the value of each item is decreased by y, then the average of the group of items will also decrease by y.
If the value of each item is multiplied by the same value m, then the average of the group or items will also get multiplied by m.
If the value of each item is multiplied by the same value n, then the average of the group or items will also get divided by n.
If we know only the average of the two groups individually, we cannot find out the average of the combined group of items.

Average of x natural no’s = (x+1)/2

Average of even No’s = (x+1)

Average of odd No’s = x

 Change in the value of a Quantity and its effect on the Average

When one/more than one quantity is not removed but replaced with same no. of quantities of different value,

Change in the no. of quantities and its effect on Average

+ = if quantities are Added, – = if quantities are removed

Time and Work

If a person ‘X’ can complete a piece of work in ‘Y’ days, then

Work Done by X in 1 day = 1/Y

If Utkarsh can complete a piece of work in ‘X’ days and Prashant can complete a piece of work in ‘Y’ days, then

Work done by Utkarsh and Prashant together in 1 day = X+Y/XY

Trick 1: If Adarsh can do a work in D1 days and Bhanu can do the same work in D2 days then Adarsh and Bhanu together can do the same work in (D1 x D2)/ (D1 + D2)

Trick 2: Sometimes the work done is dependent on the number of days worked and efficiency of each worker. Let’s see how the formula changes in this case:

• If person P1 can do the work in D1 days and M2 persons can do the same work in D2 days then we can say M1.D1 = M2.D2
• If the persons work T1 and T2 hours per day respectively then the equation gets modified to M1.D1.T1 = M2.D2.T2
• If the persons has efficiency of E1 and E2 respectively then: M1.D1.T1.E1 = M2.D2.T2.E2

Pipes & Cisterns

Trick: If a pipe A can fill a tank in ‘x’ hours and Pipe B can fill a tank in ‘y’ hours, then

Time Taken by both the pipes to fill the tank together = xy/(x+y)

Time, Speed and Distance

Trick 1: Speed = Distance/ Time and the unit of Speed is Km/hr or m/s

Trick 2: If an object covers a certain distance with a speed of ‘p’ Km/hr and again covers the same distance with a speed of ‘q’ Km/hr, then

Average Speed for the Entire Journey = 2 pq/(p+q)

Boats and Streams

Trick: If the speed of stream is ‘p’ Km/hr and the speed of boat in still water is ‘q’ Km/hr, then

Speed of Boat Downstream = (p + q) Km/hr

Speed of Boat Upstream = (q – p) Km/hr

Mixtures and Alligations

Trick 1: When two different commodities are mixed such that one is cheaper than the other, then:

Here Mean Price is CP of mixture per unit quantity.

Trick 2: When x amount of commodity 1 is replaced with commodity 2 of y quantity n times, then:

Quadratic Equations

ax2 + bx + c = 0.

py2 + qy + c = 0

Trick 1:

Sum of roots = -b/a

Product of roots = c/a

Trick 2: A quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 will have reciprocal roots when a = c

Approximation

Trick 1: Use the BODMAS rule to solve the simplification questions. This is the basis of simplification questions.

Trick 2: Round of decimal numbers to the nearest whole numbers to get the approximate value of the equation.

Ratio Proportion

Ratio is a fraction of two values. It can be represented in any of the following ways:

=> x/y,   x : y , x÷y

• In ratio of the form x : y,  x is called as the antecedent/first term and y is the consequent/second term.
• Generally, ratio is a handy way to compare two terms.
• For example : 4 / π > 1 , it is clear that 4 > π
• One thing that has to be remembered while comparing two numbers in a ratio is that they should be represented in same units. For example, if x is in meters and y in litres they cannot be compared by using ratio as they are expressed in different units – meters vs litres.

A proportion is the equality of two ratios/ fractions.

• If x : y = a : b, it can be written as  x : y :: a : b and it is said that x, y, a, b are in proportion.
• Here x and b are called extremes, while y and a are called mean terms.
• Product of means=Product of extremes
  Thus,
  x :y :: a : b  => (y∗a)=(x∗b)
• If x : y=a : b

b is called the fourth proportional to x, y and a.
a is called the third proportional to x and y.

• Sub-duplicate: Sub-duplicate ratio of (a:b) is (a^1/2: b^1/2)
• Duplicate ratio of (a:b) is (a^2:b^2)
• Triplicate Ratio:Triplicate ratio of (a:b) is (a^3:b^3)
• Sub-triplicate Ratio: Sub-triplicate ratio of (a:b) is (a^1/3:b^1/3)
• If a/b=c/d then, a+b/a−b=c+d/c−d This is known as Componendo and Dividendo.
• We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x=ky for some constant k and we write, x∝y
• We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy=k for some constant k and we write, x∝1y

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To express x% as a fraction, divide it by 100 ⇒ x% = x/100

To express a fraction as %, multiply it by 100 ⇒ x/y = [(x/y) × 100] %

x% of y is given by (y × x/100 )

If X’s age is a% more than Y’s age, the Y’s age is less than X’s age by [ a / (100+a)] * 100%

If ‘M’ is x% of ‘N’ and ‘P’ is y% of ‘N’ then ‘M’ is (x/y) * 100% of ‘P’.

If the sides of the triangle, rectangle, square, circle, rhombus etc is

• Increased by a%. Its area is increased by2a+(a²/100)
• If decreased b%. Its areas is decreased by,-2b+(b²/100)

The students in a school are ‘P’. It increased by x% during the 1^st year, increased by y% during 2^nd year and again increased by z% during 3^rd year. The students in school after 3 years will be,

P *[(100+x)/100] * [(100+y)/100] * [(100+z)/100]

 Problem on Ages

1. If the current age is x, then n times the age is nx.
2. If the current age is x, then age n years later/hence = x + n.
3. If the current age is x, then age n years ago = x – n.
4. The ages in a ratio a:b ill be ax and bx.
5. If current age is x, then 1/n of the age is x/n.

 If the present age of Sharma Jee is ‘x’ years, then

‘n’ years hence, Age of Sharma Jee would be = (x + n) years

‘n’ years ago, Age of Sharma Jee would be = (x – n) years

Super Tip: You don’t need to always start forming equations from where the question starts.

Number Series

The only difficult part about solving questions on number and alphabet series is determining the pattern. Once you practice 40-50 questions on this topic, you will be aware of 90% of the possible pattern. A shortcut is to read the tricks on solving series questions. Some of them are highlighted here:

Trick 1: Calculate the difference between the immediate or alternate numbers and observe the pattern in the differences.

Trick 2: Observe the sequence for Prime Number series

Trick 3: Observe the sequence for Geometric series, Perfect Squares/Cubes.

Profit & Loss

Cost Price-The price at which an article is purchased is known as cost price (C.P.)

Selling Price-The price at which the article is sold is known as selling price (S.P.)
Profit = SP-CP (SP>CP)
Loss = CP-SP (CP>SP)

Profit % = (Profit x 100)/CP
Loss% = [(CP – SP)/CP] x 100
CP= {100 /(100+profit%)} x SP
CP={100/(100-loss%)} x SP

S.P. = C.P. x [(100 + profit%) / 100]

S.P. = C.P. x [(100 – loss%) / 100]

If there is a Profit of x% and loss of y % in a transaction, then the resultant profit or loss% is given by [x – y – (x × y/100)]

Note- For profit use sign + in previous formula and for loss use – sign. If resultant is positive then overall its profit. However, if it is negative then overall we have a loss.

If a cost price of m articles is equal to the selling Price of n articles,

(C.P of m article = S.P. of n article) then Profit percentage

(m – n)/n×100%

If m parts are sold at x% profit, n parts are sold at y % profit and p parts are sold at z% profit Rs. ‘R’ is earned as overall profit than the value of total consignment
 R ×100 / (mx +ny +pz)

Ankit purchases a certain no. of the article at m  rupee and the same no. at n a rupee. He mixes them together and sells them at p a rupee then his gain or loss

[{2mn/(m+n)p} -1]× 100

Marked price = Cost price + Markup

Always Remember: Markup is an extra price on Cost Price. So, Markup is always calculated on CP

%Markup = [Markup/CP]*100

Discount (if SP < MP) = MP – SP i.e. SP = MP – Discount

Always Remember: Discount is deducted from Marked Price. So, Discount is always calculated on MP and

%Discount = [Discount/MP]*100

Trick 1: If most of the information given in the form of percentages in the question, start by assuming CP = 100.

Trick 2:  Discount is usually given on marked price. Hence, in this case, marked price will be higher than the final selling price.

Simple and Compound Interest

Principal: – The money borrowed or lent out for certain period is called the principal or the Sum.

Interest: – Extra money paid for using other money is called interest

The cost of borrowing money is defined as Simple Interest. It is of two types – simple interest or compound interest. Simple interest (SI) is calculated only on the principal (P) whereas Compound interest (CI) is calculated on the principal and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods i.e. “interest on interest.” This compounding effect makes a big difference in the amount of interest payable on the principal.

Simple interest is:

Simple Interest = Principal x Interest Rate x Term of the loan (Time of Loan)

SI = P x i x n/100 when the interest rate is taken in percent.

Compound Interest

CI = P [(1 + i)ⁿ – 1]

where P = Principal, i = annual interest rate in percentage terms, and n = number of compounding periods.

Compounding periods: When calculating compound interest, the number of compounding periods makes a significant difference. The basic rule is that the higher the number of compounding periods, the greater the amount of compound interest. So for every INR 100 principal over a certain period of time, the amount of interest accrued at 10% annually will be lower than interest accrued at 5% semi-annually, which will, in turn, be lower than interest accrued at 2.5% quarterly.

In the formula for calculating compound interest, the variables “i” and “n” have to be adjusted if the number of compounding periods is more than once a year. That is, “i” has to be divided by the number of compounding periods per year, and “n” has to be multiplied by the number of compounding periods. Therefore, for a 10-year loan at 10%, where interest is compounded semi-annually (number of compounding periods = 2), i = 5% (i.e. 10% / 2) and n = 20 (i.e. 10 x 2).

The following table demonstrates the difference that the number of compounding periods can make over time for an INR 10,000 loan taken for a 10-year period.

Shortcut Trick: Rule of 72 

The Rule of 72 calculates the approximate time over which an investment will double at a given rate of return or interest “i”, and is given by (72 / i). It can only be used for annual compounding.

For example, an investment that has a 6% annual rate of return will double in 12 years. An investment with an 9% rate of return will double in 8 years.

Trick 1: Formula for calculating simple interest is simple.

S.I. = PTR/100

What if the rate is R1, R2 and R3 in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd year. In this case, the amount after 3 years would be:

A = P (1 +R1/100) (1 + R2/100) (1 + R3/100)

Trick 2: Formula for calculating compound interest is a little more complex.

A = P [1+ r/100]t

This formula applies when interest is compounded annually.

When interest is compounded half yearly, rate = 2r

compounded quarterly, rate = 4r

compounded monthly, rate = 12r

Trick 3: When the rate of interest is not equal every year:

A = P [1+ r1/100]t1 [1+ r2/100]t2 …. and so on

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• Learn tables up to 25
• Learn squares up to 25

• Learn cubes up to 15

• Learn fractions up to 1/20 to ease your calculations in the exam.

1 = 100%
1 /2= 50%
1 /3= 33.33%
1/4 = 25%
1/5 = 20%
1 /6= 16.66%
1/7 = 14.28%
1/8 = 12.5%
1/9 = 11.11%
1/10 = 10%
1/11 = 9.09%
1/12 = 8.33%
1/13 = 7.69%
1/14 = 7.14%

1/15 = 6.66%

1/16 = 6.25%

1/17 = 5.88%

1/18 = 5.55%

1/19 = 5.26%

1/20 = 5%

Remember the DIVISIBILITY RULES

• 2- if the last digit of  is 2, 4, 6, 8, or 0;
• 3- if the sum of digits is a multiple of 3;
• 4-  if the last 2 digits are a multiple of 4;
• 5- if the last digit of  is either 0 or 5;
• 6-  if  is divisible by both 2 and 3;
• 7- if subtracting twice the last digit from the numbers made by remaining digits gives a multiple of 7 
  (e.g. 658 is divisible by 7 because 65- 2*8 = 65 -16 = 49 , which is a multiple of 7);
• 8- if the last 3 digits are a multiple of 8;
• 9- if the sum of digits is a multiple of 9;
• 10- if the last digit of  is 0;
• 11- if the difference of the alternating sum of digits of  is a multiple of 11 
  (e.g. 2343 is divisible by 11 because 2-3+4-3 = 0 which is a multiple of 11);
• 12- if divisible by both 3 and 4.
• 13- if its unit’s place digit is multiplied by 4 and added to the remaining digits and the number obtained is divisible by 13
• 14- if the number is divisible by both 2 and 7
• 15- if the number is divisible by both 3 and 5
• 16- if its last 4 digits is divisible by 16 or if the last four digits are zeros
• 17- if its unit’s place digit is multiplied by 5 and subtracted from the remaining digits and the number obtained is divisible by 17
• 18- if the number is divisible by both 2 and 9.
• 19- if its unit’s place digit is multiplied by 2 and added to the remaining digits and the number obtained is divisible by 19.

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